forage is the main product of rangelands. so, determining its economic value as one of the main important nonmonetary functions can help managers to improve planning and optimal utilization management of rangelands. the main purpose of this study is to estimate the economic valuation of the forage of summer rangelands in nour-roud watershed basin in mazandaran province. consequently, total fora...

With globalization and fi nancial integration, there has been rapid growth of international lending and foreign direct investment (FDI). In view of this emerging trend, country risk analysis has become extremely important for the international creditors and investors. This paper briefl y discusses the concepts and defi nitions, and presents a survey of the quantitative methods that are used to ...

An Integrated Extreme Climatic Index (IECI) is defined for analyzing the overall trend of change in the frequencies of major extreme climatic events over mainland China. The index is composed of 7 individual extreme indicators, i.e. the country-averaged frequencies of high temperature, low temperature, intense precipitation, dust storm and strong wind events, meteorological drought area percent...

abstract i n this paper, we investigate the existence and the nature of real exchange rate misalignment in organization of the petroleum exporting countries (opec). to do this we estimated a cross country basic real exchange rate determination model for 1990-2012 and extracted historic trend of misalignment. the results imply that all opec countries have had misalignment -of different kinds tho...

AIMS To assess the relation between a country's economic developmental status and its prevalence of blindness. METHODS Available epidemiological data on worldwide visual loss and its causes compiled by the World Health Organization were reviewed. Findings were compared with economic development data from the involved countries and regions. Analysis was completed in view of the socioeconomic s...

water crisis and drought are among the most important issues to which the human has been faced particularly in the recent years; hence, investigation of drought is so important in optimal water management. drought has been known as an environmental phenomenon which is inseparable from climate changes which can occur in any geographical region. various definitions have been presented since yet. ...

this paper estimates the effects of increase in iran’s non-oil exports on its economic growth as well as sectoral outputs, using a single country, comparative static, exogenous policy computable general equilibrium (cge) model. the paper also investigates the share of tradable sectors in reaching to the targeted growth rate (8%) in 5th socio-economic development plan. for this purpose, the para...