BACKGROUND China has been experiencing the largest rural to urban migration in history. Rural-to-urban migrants are those who leave their hometown for another place in order to work or live without changing their hukou status, which is a household registration system in China, categorizing people as either rural residents or urban residents. Rural-to-urban migrants typically find better job opp...

Societies adapt to climate variations and develop unique cultures that lead distinctive economic behaviour across different regions. To estimate the climate-economic link test hypothetical role of culture, this paper uses a nationwide survey at household level in China, together with historical temperature data prefectural city for empirical analysis. The results show significant local on consu...

Remittances are a very important source of income for many Nicaraguan families. More than 40% of all households receive remittances that on average amount to 12-15% of total household income in these households. More than 30% of these households receive remittances at least monthly, implying that it is a relatively stable source of income. This paper shows that remittances do tend to reduce the...

conclusions considering iran’s economic condition during the last five years, the catastrophic health expenditure headcount ratio was more than 2% in iran. materials and methods this descriptive study on iranian rural and urban households was conducted from april to june 2015. the sample sizes were 19437 rural and 18888 urban households that iranian statistical centre (isc) selected them throug...

This paper presents a synthesis of the main theoretical and empirical contributions that analyse production choices of farm households living and operating in developing countries. The review is particularly concerned with recent micro-economic contributions that highlight the trade-off farm households typically face, between full-income risk and expected return, while making production decisio...

Balancing finances is a complicated and precarious act for many U.S. households, with constant concerns that income will not be enough. What happens when households are no longer able to keep up this balancing act? This research draws on 2019 Survey of Consumer Finances data examine varying experiences economic insecurity, measured as whether household’s expenses exceeded its in the previous ye...