During the 1990s, wage setting increasingly became coordinated in many Member States of the European Union (EU), often through new arrangements involving broad encompassing social pacts between employers, trade unions, and governments striking deals across policy areas from wages to social and employment policies. We argue that the different forms of institutional innovation in wage setting fou...

objectives: goal-directed subsidies because of its nature can affect all aspects of iranian life. this scheme is not only an economic program but also affects other aspects of social life including: welfare and economic situation of society, labor market, income, expenditure and consumption pattern models of family and social problems such as poverty and inequality, drug abuse, family problem, ...

background: theoretically, a vital factor in development has been the resilience and strength of socio-economic system to confront instabilities and crises. the precaution, however, is that an error might be committed, where, instead of finding the root causes of diseases we are mobilizing the forces to confront the signs of illness, leaving the diseases to grow and damage the lesser developed ...

this work presents a simulation approach to the design and economic evaluation of fuel oil hydrotreating processes for control of so2 and nox emission in an iranian steam power plant. minimum amount of required fuel oil desulphurization was calculated from the limit of so2 emissions of power plants in two different scenarios based on (i) european and (ii) iranian so2 emission standards. based o...

among the various efforts coping with the causes and roots of differences in economic development in iran and south korea, none has focused on the role of social capital. meanwhile, in recent years, we have been facing the development of a theory about the linkage of social capital and economic development and a great attention has been paid to it by international economic organizations. in thi...

The collectivization and the long period of socialism in Russia completely transformed rural life and rural livelihoods. In this period large-scale farms came to incorporate all aspects of rural life, and became the dominant economic and social structures in rural areas. In the past decade, the on-going transition, combined with the economic deterioration of the large-scale farming system, has ...