Professional probabilists have long argued over what probability means, with, for example, Bayesians arguing that probabilities refer to subjective degrees of confidence and frequentists arguing that probabilities refer to the frequencies of events in the world. Recently, Gigerenzer and his colleagues have argued that these same distinctions are made by untutored subjects, and that, for many do...

Existing work in spatio-temporal data analysis invariably assumes data available as individual measurements with localised estimates. However, for many applications like econometrics, financial forecasting and climate science, data is often obtained as aggregates. Data aggregation presents severe mathematical challenges to learning and inference, and application of standard techniques is suscep...

The analysis of spatio-temporal patterns of disease or death in urban areas has been developed mainly from the ecological studies approach. These designs may have some limitations like the ecological fallacy and instability with few cases. The objective of this study was to apply the point process methodology, as a complement to that of aggregated data, to study HIV/AIDS mortality in men in the...

Climate change and climate emergency demand that, more than ever today, the dominant thought, praxis, customs, values of Western culture are reconsidered through lens a integrated, holistic, ecologic vision. The idea human being who, especially when s/he is child, to be considered formed in terms deep connection with whole cosmos crosses Education from theories Jean Jacques Rousseau current tre...

Why is it that affordances have received attention within psychology only in recent decades if they are supposedly what individuals perceive most fundamentally? This paradoxcanbeexplained, inpart,by the fact thatpsychologistshaveusuallyconsidered the character of perceiving from a detached stance, and then reified the results of this analysis—an error that William James called the psychologist’...

BACKGROUND Traditionally, suicide rates were low in Islamic countries. However, the process of modernization can erode the ties of the individual to society and lead to questioning of religion and weakening of faith. Therefore, a cross-national study with the null hypothesis that there will be no relationship between general population suicide rates and the percentage of adherents of Islam was ...

Sixty years ago the late William S. Robinson (1913–96) published his Ecological Correlations and the Behaviors of Individuals. 1 The paper became an all-time classic and it is one of the most influential methodological papers in social sciences. To underscore its impact on epidemiology , this classic was reprinted in this journal, 2 along with an original re-analysis of Robinson's data and conc...