How might we take steps toward understand ing emergent hierarchies in a mental ecology? To answer that question we outline an epistemological framework which begins with two fundamental assumptions from the methodology of transformational grammar in linguistics—the centrality of human judgment based on direct experience and the proposition that the systematic nature of human behavior is algorit...

The early hope that islet transplantation might offer an attractive treatment modality for latestage type 1 diabetes has been tempered over the last decade, largely due to the observation that the transplants exhibit reduced insulin production after a few years (1). This limitation could be associated with some form of immune rejection or the inability of the implanted islets to replenish dying...

New monetary literatures widely concentrates on the importance of institutional arrangements in the effectiveness of monetary policy. The debate regarding the optimal institutional design of central banks, independence and conservatism are usually considered to be the most important ingredients for a stable and successful monetary policy. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to deal with the...

PURPOSE: The Fish Larvae and Egg Exposure System (FLEES) was designed to simulate the resuspension of sediment related to dredging operations and has been used over time to generate biological response data for dredging projects where environmental windows (EW) severely restrict dredging operations (Lutz et al. 2012). This technical note focuses on the physical and behavioral effects of resuspe...

Using 1708-1788 historical data, we test the Austrian hypothesis that fractional-reserve banking destabilizes commodity prices, complicating eco­ nomic calculation and entrepreneurial planning, contributes to boom-bust cycles. The Bank of Amsterdam («Wisselbank», 1609-1819) maintained high reserve requirements until Fourth Anglo-Dutch War (1780-1784), when its ratio plummeted from nearly 100% i...

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS To identify the clinical and laboratory characteristics of bilateral vestibulopathy (BVP) on the video head impulse test (vHIT). STUDY DESIGN Retrospective chart analysis. METHODS During 23 months, 1,789 patients with dizziness underwent vHIT in our tertiary referral hospital. Of these patients, 65 (3.6%) patients had bilaterally positive catch-up saccades. Based on th...