Invariant measures of dynamical systems generated e. g. by difference equations can be computed by discretizing the originally continuum state space, and replacing the action of the generator by the transition mechanism of a Markov chain. In fact they are approximated by stationary vectors of these Markov chains. Here we extend this well known approximation result and the underlying algorithm t...

If values that we monitor changes during discrete periods (for example, in discrete time intervals), the formula above leads to a difference equation or a dynamical system. In this case, we are dealing with a function that depends on discrete integer values – a sequence. Recall that a sequence of real numbers (indexed by nonnegative integers) can be given by listing its terms (for example, 1, 1...

In this letter, we discuss the extension of Feynman’s derivation of the equation of motion to the case of spinning particles. We show that a spinning particle interacts only with the electromagnetic and gravitational fields. In the absence of the electromagnetic interactions, we rederive Papapetrou’s equations for spinning particles in the background of the conformal gravity. We also find that ...

We show that, under Drinfeld’s degeneration [D] of quantum loop algebras to Yangians, the trigonometric dynamical difference equations [EV] for the quantum affine algebra degenerate to the trigonometric Casimir differential equations [TL] for Yangians.

Functional differential equations of advanced type with piecewise constant argument deviations are studied. They are closely related to impulse, loaded and, especially, to difference equations, and have the structure of continuous dynamical systems within intervals of unit length.

One of the considerable discussions for solving the nonlinear equations is to find the optimal iteration, and to use a proper termination criterion which is able to obtain a high accuracy for the numerical solution. In this paper, for a certain class of the family of optimal two-point methods, we propose a new scheme based on the stochastic arithmetic to find the optimal number of iterations in...

We study the algebraic consequences of the traditional descriptions of dynamics based on differential equations. We thus show how C* -dynamical systems consisting of an action of a locally compact group on a C*-algebra provide a common framework for studying the time evolution and symmetry groups of systems in classical and quantum physics. AMS subject classifications. 46L55, 20C35, 81Pl0. One ...

We assemble the equations of general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) in 3+1 form. These consist of the complete coupled set of Maxwell equations for the electromagnetic field, Einstein’s equations for the gravitational field, and the equations of relativistic MHD for a perfectly conducting ideal gas. The adopted form of the equations is suitable for evolving numerically a relativistic M...