Recently, energy saving is strongly required to prevent global warming. Electricity is the most common energy form and is necessary in our daily life and various activities, because it is comparatively easy to utilize in transmission and conversion after generation. Therefore, it is very important to reduce energy loss in electric power systems and improve their efficiency. The present power sy...

Mangrove ecosystems are distributed worldwide, along tropical and subtropical coastlines. For a long time, mangrove biogeographers have been challenged by the question: why is distribution restricted to its current latitudinal limits? The Araranguá estuary in Brazil located ?75 km beyond eastern South America limit. Despite geomorphology apparently being suitable for colonization, mangroves rep...

Coherent drift modes and drift wave turbulence is studied in a collisionality dominated high-density helicon plasma. The drift wave instability is identified by comparison of the drift mode density fluctuations characteristics with a linear dispersion relation, which reproduces the experimentally observed bent eigenmode structures due to radial gradients of the collisionality profile. Special a...

Needham (1928) first noted the ‘drift’ of aquatic insects when examining the importance of terrestrial insects as trout food. When using a fine copper wire-meshed net to collect benthos in streams near Ithaca, NY he discovered large numbers of aquatic insects present his samples. Drift attracted more attention from researchers in the 1950’s after Muller quantified drift and compared drift with ...

The apparent angular size of the shadow a black hole in an expanding Universe is redshift-dependent. Since cosmological redshifts change with time - known as redshift drift all redshift-dependent quantities acquire time-dependence, and fortiori so do shadows. We find mathematical description show that amplitude this effect order $10^{-16}$ per day for M87$^{\star}$. While small, we argue its no...

The majority of Iran’s area is covered by arid and semiarid climates. In these areas, wind causes more erosion compared to water. Therefore, determination of wind characteristics especially its velocity is very important. One of the simplest methods that can supply researchers with the origin of wind erosion in the shortest time is synthesizing sand rose model and interpretation of aerial photo...

The dynamics of adaptation is difficult to predict because it is highly stochastic even in large populations. The uncertainty emerges from number fluctuations, called genetic drift, arising in the small number of particularly fit individuals of the population. Random genetic drift in this evolutionary vanguard also limits the speed of adaptation, which diverges in deterministic models that igno...