We analyze optical encryption systems using the techniques of conventional cryptography. All conventional block encryption algorithms are vulnerable to attack, and often they employ secure modes of operation as one way to increase security. We introduce the concept of conventional secure modes to optical encryption and analyze the results in the context of known conventional and optical attacks...

Let E / Q E/\mathbb {Q} </mml:sema...

Accurate sensory perception often depends on the independent encoding and subsequent integration of multiple stimulus attributes. In the weakly electric fish Eigenmannia, P- and T-type primary afferent fibers are specialized for encoding the amplitude and phase, respectively, of electrosensory stimuli. We used a stimulus estimation technique to quantify the ability of P- and T-units to encode r...

objective(s): adeno-associated virus type 2 (aav2) vectors are widely used for both experimental and clinical gene therapy. a recent research has shown that the performance of these vectors can be greatly improved by substitution of specific surface-exposed tyrosine residues with phenylalanines. in this study, a fast and simple method is presented to generate aav2 vector helper plasmids encodin...

Security is one of the most challenging aspects in internet and Multimedia applications. Encryption is a process which is used to secure data. The Encryption algorithms and suitable transforms play a crucial role to form efficient security systems. In this regard the original information in the existing security system based on the fractional Fourier transform (FRFT) is protected by only a cert...

We construct a stacky curve of genus 1 / 2 1/2 </inline-for...

We consider the transport equation on [ 0 , T stretchy="false">] ×<...

This paper addresses the problem of efficient forward error correction on differentially encoded, quadriphase-shift-keying (DQPSK) channels. The approach is to design codes to correct the most probable error patterns. First the probability distribution of error patterns is derived. Then a class of convolutional codes that correct any single two-bit error is described. Finally a threshold decoda...

– Formation of RNA secondary structures is an example of the sequence-structure problem omnipresent in molecular biophysics. A basic theoretical issue concerns the phase behaviour of self-attracting random RNA sequences. By studying a simplified toy model of RNA folding, we show that there are two distinct possible phases for the random RNA below its melting transition —a molten phase in which ...

It is proved that for each natural number n n , if alttext="StartAbsoluteValue double-struck upper R EndAbsoluteValue equals normal alef Subsc...