Human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas overexpress transforming growth factors (TGFs). This overexpression has been correlated with decreased patient survival. TGFs bind to a type II TGFreceptor (T RII) dimer, which heterotetramerizes with a type I TGFreceptor (T RI) dimer, thereby activating downstream signaling. Purpose and Experimental Design: To determine whether blocking TGFactions would ...

Bafilomycin A1, a macrolide antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces species, has been used as an inhibitor of vacuolar H ATPase (V-ATPase). Bafilomycin has been also evaluated as a potential anticancer agent because it inhibits cell proliferation and tumor growth. Although these anticancer effects of bafilomycin are considered to be attributable to the intracellular acidosis by V-ATPase inhibitio...

The subjects of C*-algebras and of unitary representations of locally compact groups are both approximately 50 years old. While it was known from the start that these subjects are related, it was noL originally appreciated just how close the relationship is, especially in the case of Mackey's theory of induced representations and of representations of group extensions. U G is a (locally compact...

ions and musings to deep philosophical insights and formal mathematical ideas, see generally NASSIM NICHOLAS TALEB, THE BLACK SWAN: THE IMPACT OF THE HIGHLY IMPROBABLE (2d ed. 2010). Although Taleb seems at times to claim discovery of the novel perturbation problem, the idea has been at the core of complexity science since its inception, see MURRAY GELL-MANN, THE QUARK AND THE JAGUAR: ADVENTURE...

The two main stability results for nearly-integrable Hamiltonian systems are revisited: Nekhoroshev theorem, concerning exponential lower bounds for the stability time (effective stability), and KAM theorem, concerning the preservation of a majority of the nonresonant invariant tori (perpetual stability). To stress the relationship between both theorems, a common approach is given to their proo...