It has been established that 5-HT(1A) receptors are expressed both presynaptically as autoreceptors by 5-HT containing neurones, and postsynaptically by a variety of other neurones. Activation of either somatodendritic 5-HT(1A) autoreceptors or postsynaptic 5-HT(1A) receptors induces hyperpolarisation and inhibition of action potential discharge of the neurones, but it is unclear whether 5-HT(1...

Serotonin's function in the brain is unclear. One challenge in testing the numerous hypotheses about serotonin's function has been observing the activity of identified serotonergic neurons in animals engaged in behavioral tasks. We recorded the activity of dorsal raphe neurons while mice experienced a task in which rewards and punishments varied across blocks of trials. We 'tagged' serotonergic...

Previous research has shown that the effect of exposure to uncontrollable stressors on conditioned fear responding and escape behavior in rats is dependent on serotonergic neural activity in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN). The role that norepinephrine released in the DRN plays in producing the behavioral consequences of exposure to inescapable tail shock in rats was investigated in the present ...

The brain stem is necessary for the expression of behavioral reactions to noxious visceral inputs. Neurons in raphe magnus (RM) and the adjacent nucleus reticularis magnocellularis (NRMC) respond to visceral stimuli and can facilitate the behavioral reaction to visceral stimulation. To determine which RM and NRMC cells could play a role in generating the reaction to colorectal distension (CRD),...

In a previous study, we reported evidence for correlations between the firing of postsynaptic dorsal column (PSDC) neurons and cuneate neurons with overlapping receptive fields on the glabrous skin of the raccoon forepaw. The evidence was based on cross-correlation and frequency response analyses of spontaneously firing neurons. However, cross-correlation without white noise Gaussian analog inp...

diabetes mellitus (dm) is one of the most important metabolic disease causes in many side effects. the decrease of mental abilities and even some form of dementia followed prolonged diabetes has been reported. there are evidences that show hippocampus might be the site of neural involvement in patients with dementia followed diabetes. as hippocampus received main serotonergic efferents from bra...

The most frequently encountered complication of dorsal column stimulators is lead migration. The vast majority of these events are seen in the first few weeks to months. Late paddle lead migration is a very uncommon occurrence in this setting. We describe a case of a 51-year-old male with a history of reflex sympathetic dystrophy having undergone dorsal column stimulator insertion at the level ...

1 1 The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus: a second cholinergic source for frequency-specific 2 auditory plasticity 3 Feng Luo, Xiuping Liu, Carol Wang and Jun Yan* 4 5 1. Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Faculty of 6 Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada 7 2. Health Science Centre, Hebei University, 342 Yuhua Eastern Road, Baoding, Hebe...

The median fins in extant actinopterygians are the product of millions of years of evolution. During this time, different developmental patterns for the dorsal and anal fins emerged leading to a high variation in median fin morphology and ontogeny. In this study, the development of anal and dorsal fins in atheriniforms is described and its consequences for the current phylogenetic hypothesis ar...

Rats with lesions in either the fornix or the thalamic nucleus medialis dorsalis were unimpaired on the acquisition of two object discrimination tasks. The same animals were then tested on a concurrent learning task in which various object discriminations were presented at different rates during the same session. This arrangement was primarily designed to minimise any response bias effects. Ani...