BACKGROUND Several studies have examined reversibility of tardive syndromes (TS), primarily in psychotic patients who are maintained on dopamine receptor blocking drugs. The results have varied widely. However, few have assessed remission rates after discontinuing the offending agents. This study evaluated reversibility of TS in patients who permanently withdrew the causative agent(s). We also ...

BACKGROUND Dopamine signaling is mediated by Gs protein-coupled "D1-like" receptors (D1 and D5) and Gi-coupled "D2-like" receptors (D2-4). In asthmatic patients, inhaled dopamine induces bronchodilation. Although the Gi-coupled dopamine D2 receptor is expressed and sensitizes adenylyl cyclase activity in airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells, the Gs-coupled dopamine D1-like receptor subtypes have ne...

Dopamine neurotransmission regulates various brain functions, and its regulatory roles are mediated by two families of G protein-coupled receptors: the D1 and D2 receptor families. In mammals, the D1 family comprises two receptor subtypes (D1 and D5), while the D2 family comprises three receptor subtypes (D2, D3 and D4). Phylogenetic analyses of dopamine receptor genes strongly suggest that the...

More than half a century ago, Delay and colleagues have discovered, quite accidentally, that antihistamine (chlorpromazine) relieves psychotic symptoms. This discovery prompted further investigation through a series of performed experiments aimed to elucidate the antipsychotic mechanism of action. Initial results have shown that antipsychotic drugs in experimental animals lead to "neuroleptic e...

This review examines the development of cannabinoid CB(1) receptor antagonists as a new class of therapeutic agents for drug addiction. Abused drugs [alcohol, opiates, Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta(9)-THC), and psychostimulants, including nicotine] elicit a variety of chronically relapsing disorders by interacting with endogenous neural pathways in the brain. In particular, they share th...

Dopamine D1 and D2 receptor immunohistochemistry and Golgi techniques were used to study the structure of the adult rat arcuate-median eminence complex, and determine the distribution of the dopamine D1 and D2 receptor immunoreactivities therein, particularly in relation to the tubero-infundibular dopamine neurons. Punctate dopamine D1 and D2 receptor immunoreactivities, likely located on nerve...

In the present study, we examined the effects of the cholecystokinin receptor antagonist, proglumide, on the depolarization-induced inactivation of A9 and A10 dopaminergic neurons produced by repeated administration of a classical antipsychotic drug (dopamine receptor antagonist). In addition, we studied the nature of the effects of acute (1-48 hr) and long-term (7 month) treatment with the but...

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a common sensorimotor disorder characterized by abnormal sensations that occur primarily at rest or during sleep, which are alleviated by movement of the affected limb. The pathophysiology of RLS remains unclear, although roles for dopamine dysfunction and brain iron deficiency have been proposed. The hypothalamic A11 dopaminergic circuit is used to explain the d...

tics are sudden, recurrent and stereotyped motor movements or vocalizations. dopamine blockers are the main pharmacological agents used in the management of tics. opioid antagonists have been reported to have been effective in the management of tics. in this article, two patients with chronic motor tic disorder are reported, whose symptoms were disappeared by using opioid substances.