Objective(s): The dopamine level of the nucleus accumbens changes during some stereotyped behaviors. To study dopamine level of the nucleus accumbens in intra infralimbic apomorphine-induced climbing, microdialysis probes were implanted into the nucleus accumbens shell of male Sprague Dawley rats weighting 275–400 g.   Materials and Methods: The rats were divided into two groups (apomorphine ...

Rational choice, in all its definitions by various disciplines, allows agents to maximize utility. Formal axioms and simple choice designs are suitable for assessing rationality monkeys. Their economic preferences complete transitive. In this paper I will describe how neuronal reward signals demonstrate a propensity rational choice. Dopamine follow transitivity satisfy first-order stochastic do...

In this study, the influence of dopamine receptor agonists and antagonists on antinociception induced by bac10fen has been examined in the formalin test. The GABA-B agonist bac10fen induced antinociception in both phases of the formalin test in mice. The dopamine receptor agonists SKF 38393 and quinpirole also induced antinociception in both phases of the test. SKF 38393 but not quinpirole ...

A simple approach based on cyclic voltammetry (CV) was developed for the simultaneous determination of dopamine (DA) and uric acid (UA) in the presence of ascorbic acid (AA) using a modified glassy carbon paste electrode (GCPE). In the present study, analytical parameters were optimized and electrochemical performance of modified electrode was investigated. The calibration curves were obtained ...

Cabergoline, a dopamine agonist agent, is commonly used in the treatment of hyperprolactinemia, Parkinson's disease, restless leg syndrome, and antipsychotic-induced prolactin elevation. It is generally well tolerated as compared to other dopamine agonist agents due to its more selective D2 receptor agonistic effect. We present a case of a 25-year-old female who developed manic episode, followi...

Circadian rhythms are daily rhythms that regulate many biological processes - from gene transcription to behavior - and a disruption of these rhythms can lead to a myriad of health risks. Circadian rhythms are entrained by light, and their 24-h oscillation is maintained by a core molecular feedback loop composed of canonical circadian ("clock") genes and proteins. Different modulators help to m...

The neurotransmitter dopamine has been implicated in the aetiology of brain disorders such as Parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia, and dopamine receptors provide important targets for anti-parkinsonian and antipsychotic drugs. In particular, the beneficial use of dopamine D2 or DI/D2 agonists in the drug treatment of Parkinson’s disease is now well established [l], although the ideal agonist ...

Parkinson disease (PD) is characterized by the specific degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in substantia nigra and has been linked to a variety of environmental and genetic factors. Rotenone, an environmental PD toxin, exhibited much greater toxicity to DA neurons in midbrain neuronal cultures than to non-DA neurons. The effect was significantly decreased by the microtubule-stabilizing d...

mind-altering drugs, especially plants, have fascinated human and always occupied man’s attention .among the plants used by humans, those able to alter the mind and the mood have drawn special consideration. actually, due to their amazing effects, these drugs, have occupied much of the researchers’ time and efforts towards attempts to understand their mechanism, and, hence, to understand human ...

Dopamine modulates movement, cognition, and emotion through activation of dopamine G protein-coupled receptors in the brain. The crystal structure of the human dopamine D3 receptor (D3R) in complex with the small molecule D2R/D3R-specific antagonist eticlopride reveals important features of the ligand binding pocket and extracellular loops. On the intracellular side of the receptor, a locked co...