A high degree of topical diversity is often considered to be an important characteristic of interesting text documents. A recent proposal for measuring topical diversity identifies three elements for assessing diversity: words, topics, and documents as collections of words. Topic models play a central role in this approach. Using standard topic models for measuring diversity of documents is sub...

This document explains diversity related methods in vegan. The methods are briefly described, and the equations used them are given often in more detail than in their help pages. The methods discussed include common diversity indices and rarefaction, families of diversity indices, species abundance models, species accumulation models and beta diversity, extrapolated richness and probability of ...

in this paper, a pointwise pseudo-metric function on the l-realline is constructed. it is proved that the topology induced by this pointwisepseudo-metric is the usual topology.

In last ten years many mathematicians have studied properties of BL-algebras endowed with a topology. For example A. Di Nola and L. Leustean cite{dn} studied compact representations of BL-algebras, L. C. Ciungu cite{ciu} investigated some concepts of convergence in the class of perfect BL-algebras, J. Mi Ko and Y. C. Kim cite{jun} studied relationships between closure operators and BL-algebras,...

using the electrostatic capacity of a condenser, the existence of a distance function on a finsler space is discussed. this distance function divides finsler spaces into the two classes, denoted here by i and ii. the topology generated by this distance on the finsler spaces of class ii coincides with its intrinsic topology. this work provides a natural extension of mathematical analysis tools n...

A number of algorithms based on the evolutionary processing have been proposed forcommunication networks backbone such as Genetic Algorithm (GA). However, there has beenlittle work on the SWARM optimization algorithms such as Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO) for backbone topology design. In this paper, the performance of PSO on GA isdiscussed and a new algorithm as PSOGA is proposed for the net...

Habitat distribution and seasonal occurrence of carabid beetles were determined using pitfall traps in 1999 and 2000 in the temperate forest zone of the Dongling Mountain, North China. Eight sites differing in vegetation and moisture were selected so as to represent four habitat types. Carabid assemblages of the six forested habitats (lowland, upland and coppice) were more similar to each other...

This paper presents a geomorphological map of the Hérens valley in the Western Swiss Alps. With an area of 270 km and altitudes ranging from 470 to 4357 m a.s.l., this valley is one of the main secondary catchments of the Upper Rhône valley. The high differences in altitudes, combined with a varied geology, create an important geomorphic diversity. The main processes active in mountain areas, t...

As troves of microbiome sequencing data provide improved resolution of patterns of microbial diversity, new approaches are needed to understand what controls these patterns. Many microbial ecologists are using cultivated model microbial communities to address this challenge. These systems provide opportunities to identify drivers of microbiome assembly, but key challenges and limitations need t...