of Research Results Research on human interaction with automation in many domains including aviation and anesthesiology has shown that automated systems often fail to function as team players (Norman, 1990; Billings, 1991; 1996; Malin et al., 1991; Sarter and Woods, 1994b). To summarize the data, automated systems that are strong, silent, clumsy, and difficult to direct are not team players. Au...