Distal airways are less than 2 mm in diameter, comprising a relatively large cross-sectional area that allows for slower, laminar airflow. The airways include both membranous bronchioles and gas exchange ducts, and have been referred to in the past as the 'quiet zone', in part because these structures were felt to contribute little to lung mechanics and in part because they were difficult to st...

Surgery for ulnar-sided wrist problems have proved a major challenge. A variety of bony procedures, which may or may not be supplemented with soft tissue interposition, tenodesis, and fusion of the distal radioulnar joint, have been designed in an attempt to address this challenge. The problems encountered in the use of these procedures have included weakness, snapping and instability of the di...

Synopsis Previous studies have focused on documenting shape variation in the caudal vertebrae chameleons underlying prehensile tail function. The goal of this study was to test impact function using multibody dynamic analysis (MDA). First, observations from dissections and 3D reconstructions generated contrast-enhanced µCT scans were used document regional arrangement muscles along antero-poste...

BACKGROUND To analyze clinical outcomes after anatomical reconstruction of distal radioulnar ligaments in patients with chronic post-traumatic instability of the distal radioulnar joint. METHODS Anatomical reconstruction was performed in 16 patients with subluxation or dynamic instability of distal radioulnar joint following trauma. Osteotomy was performed simultaneously in 10 patients with r...

Recent findings show that altering the speech rate of the context several syllables away from a word (i.e., the distal context) can cause the word to disappear in perception in non-tonal Indo-European languages like English [1] and Russian [2]. This study investigated the distal rate effect in Chinese Mandarin, a tonal language belonging to the Sino-Tibetan language family. We examined whether ...

OBJECTIVES This study sought to determine vasomotor functional responses of conduit coronary artery distal to bare-metal stents (BMS), polymer-only stents (POLY), and sirolimus-eluting stents (SES) in a clinically relevant animal model. BACKGROUND Drug-eluting stents (DES) reduce in-stent restenosis, and also affect neointima formation and vascular remodeling in downstream coronary segments. ...

Maize (Zea mays) leaves provide a useful system to study how proximal/distal patterning is established because of the distinct tissues found in the distal blade and the proximal sheath. Several mutants disrupt this pattern, including the dominant knotted1-like homeobox (knox) mutants. knox genes encode homeodomain proteins of the TALE superclass of transcription factors. Class I knox genes are ...

Arthropod appendages are thought to have evolved as outgrowths from the body wall of a limbless ancestor. Snodgrass, in his Principles of Insect Morphology (1935), proposed that, during evolution, expansion of the body wall would originate the base of the appendages, or coxopodite, upon which the most distal elements that represent the true outer limb, or telopodite, would develop. The homeobox...

A 17-yr-old female received a liver transplant for type I glycogen storage disease. A year later, when she experienced variceal gastrointestinal hemorrhage, an angiogram revealed thrombosis of the portal vein with hepatopetal collateral channels. A distal splenorenal shunt was performed because of failure of sclerotherapy to control subsequent bleeding episodes and the fact that the liver funct...