We propose a single-beam generation scheme to obtain a bottle-hollow (BH) beam using a binary phase mask and a focusing lens. The resulting BH beam is shown to possess an open bottle-shaped null intensity region, which has two hollow tube-shaped null intensity regions located on two opposite sides of this bottle. It is found that this scheme works identically under incident illumination with ra...

BACKGROUND Early childhood caries has been characterized as first affecting the primary maxillary anterior teeth, followed by the involvement of the primary molars. Other terms for dental caries in preschool children, which inappropriately may imply cause for the disease, includes baby bottle tooth decay, nursing caries, milk bottle syndrome, baby bottle caries, nursing bottle mouth and nursing...

The biodegradation of spent saline bottles, a low density polyethylene product (LDPE) by two selected Arthrobacter sp. under in vitro conditions is reported. Chemical and UV pretreatment play a vital role in enhancing the rate of biodegradation. Treated LDPE film exhibits a higher weight loss and density when compared to untreated films. Arthrobacter oxydans and Arthrobacter globiformis grew be...

PURPOSE This study was performed to examine the feeding practices and demographic and nursing characteristics of Greek children with and without nursing caries. It was also intended to evaluate what dentists and pediatricians tell parents when they examine children with nursing caries. METHODS 260 children, ages 3-5 (130 with nursing caries, NC group, and 130 without, NNC group) participated ...

The impression of food can be affected by “rendition”—i.e., the surrounding environment such as the appearance of the food and the dish—not just by its taste. We focused on the sound and vibration of liquid being poured from a Japanese Sake bottle as a haptic rendition of liquid. Sake bottles are known for their unique “glug” sound and vibration which we believe affects the subjective impressio...

OBJECTIVE Our goal was to test the hypothesis that infants who were breastfed more intensively during early infancy (< or = 6 months) will be less likely to have excess weight during late infancy (> 6 months) and to examine the independent impact of infant-initiated bottle emptying and mothers' encouragement of bottle emptying on infants' risk for excess weight. METHOD The sample consisted of...

BACKGROUND The expression of human milk for later use is on the rise. Bottle systems are used to deliver the expressed milk. Research has shown that storage of both human milk and artificial baby milk, or infant formula, leads to a loss of ascorbic acid (commonly called Vitamin C). As milk is removed from the bottle during feeding and replaced by ambient air, it is unknown if loss of ascorbic a...