We present a new formulation of some basic differential geometric notions on a smooth manifold M , in the setting of nonstandard analysis. In place of classical vector fields, for which one needs to construct the tangent bundle of M , we define a prevector field, which is an internal map from ∗M to itself, implementing the intuitive notion of vectors as infinitesimal displacements. We introduce...

Background: Aras River is the main source of drinking water supply in northwestern provinces of Iran. The present study aimed to determine the concentration of heavy metals in the river on the border between Iran and Armenia. Methods: Three samples were taken from the Aras river water, the river bottom sediments and the root of Phragmites australis. In water sampling, the concentration of Hg, ...

Ross River virus, a mosquitoborne alphavirus, causes epidemic polyarthritis in Australia and the Pacific region. We analyzed serum cytokine, chemokine, and growth factor levels in travelers returning to Germany from Australia. Serum samples showed elevated concentrations in the acute phase of the illness and, more pronounced, in the long-lasting convalescent phase.

Ross River virus (RRV) is the most common mosquitoborne disease notified within Australia and is a significant public health issue for NSW. There have been more than 7500 notifications of RRV in NSW over the past 10 years. Peak seasons occurred in 1996–97 (1547 notified cases) and 2005–06 (1268 notified cases), with an average of 683 notifications for the 11 seasons before this.1 The November 2...

Ross River virus is a common mosquito-borne arbovirus responsible for outbreaks of polyarthritic disease throughout Australia. To better understand climatic factors preceding outbreaks, we compared seasonal and monthly rainfall and temperature trends in outbreak and nonoutbreak years at four epidemic-prone locations. Our analyses showed that rainfall in outbreak years tended to be above average...

If two thermally conducting bodies are in sliding contact, the frictional heat generated at the interfaces causes thermoelastic distortion which profoundly influences the extent of the contact area and the distribution of contact stress [1]. This phenomenon now known as thermoelastic instability has been observed experimentally in a wide range of practical sliding systems [2, 3]. Several theore...