In 2007, the Modern Language Association (MLA) called for significant changes to world language programs due a curricular bifurcation between basic courses and upper-division content courses. Although inroads have been made in last 14 years, two-tiered curriculum structure still exists many programs, urgency coherence has heightened by dwindling number of majors coupled with institutional disin...

The economic development literature widely concurs that conflicts have adverse consequences contribute to poverty, disinvestment and lower human capital leading widespread inequality growth. As such, understanding the nature of conflict has been an important focus for political leaders, policymakers researchers alike. However, existing does not typically distinguish between effects determinants...

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic revealed that public institutions and some households in the United Kingdom (UK) were a vulnerable weak financial position to mitigate its immediate outcomes. Public did not have necessary resources support their communities low-income groups disproportionally affected by economic contraction of 2020–2021. This paper explores how disastrous consequences exacerbate...

BACKGROUND The way in which a health technology is used in any particular health system depends on the decisions and actions of a variety of stakeholders, the local culture, and context. In 2009, the HTAi Policy Forum considered how health technology assessment (HTA) could be improved to optimize the use of technologies (in terms of uptake, change in use, or disinvestment) in such complex syste...

BACKGROUND Despite positive preclinical studies and two positive Phase II clinical trials, two large Phase III clinical trials of progesterone treatment of acute traumatic brain injury (TBI) recently ended with negative results, so a 100% failure rate continues to plague the field of TBI trials. METHODS This paper reviews and analyses the trial structures and outcomes and discusses the implic...

BACKGROUND Since the economic recession began in 2008 anecdotal reports suggest that mental health services in England have experienced disinvestment, but published data to test this proposition are few. METHOD This paper presents information from a wider range of official, research and grey literature sources aiming to: (1) assess whether governmental investment in publically funded mental h...

The early childhood workforce in England has experienced periods of policy attention and more recently neglect. During the past two decades (2000–2022) extent interest fluctuated with episodes investment followed by phases disinvestment. Throughout this period, educators have been subjected to multiple, often conflicting shifting demands upon them, which evolved varying political priorities. Th...