OF THE variety of pathologic conditions involving abnormally high blood pressure, one is of outstanding importance-essential hypertension. According to current views, the principal pathogenetic mechanism responsible for elevation of blood pressure is assumed to be a generalized arteriolar spasm, with a resulting rise of peripheral resistance to the outflow of blood. It has been proved by our in...

Periodontal (gum) disease, which is also known as periodontal disease and periodontitis, is a progressive disease which if left untreated may result in tooth loss. Gum disease begins with the inflammation and irritation of the gingival tissues which surround and support the teeth. The cause of this inflammation is the toxins found in plaque, or biofilm, which cause an ongoing bacterial infection.

rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic systemic inflammatory disease that affects approximately 0.5-1% of the world population. the current approach to this disease is to start an intensive treatment without delay once the disease has developed. various studies in the literature have shown that combination of disease modifying antirheumatic drugs such as sulfasalazine and chloroquine offers a more a...

Freiberg's disease is a relatively rare condition with a multifactorial cause in which trauma and circulation must play a major but not solitary role. Once the condition presents itself, early treatment is geared toward reducing its symptoms and preventing progression. If conservative measures fail, many surgical options are available. One of these, the dorsiflexion osteotomy of the metatarsal ...

Alzheimer disease is the most common form of dementia, affecting nearly one-half [corrected] of Americans older than 85 years. It is characterized by progressive memory loss and cognitive decline. Amyloid plaque accumulation, neurofibrillary tau tangles, and depletion of acetylcholine are among the pathologic manifestations of Alzheimer disease. Although there are no proven modalities for preve...

Background: Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment, leishmaniasis is now considered a severe public health problem, particularly in developing countries, such as Iran. Leishmaniasis is among the six most important, parasitic diseases of the world affecting 88 countries in almost every continent. The disease is complex with different clinical presentations such as visceral, cutaneous and mu...

Background: Darier’s disease (DD) is an autosomal dominant skin disorder which causative gene, ATP2A2, is located at chromosome 12q23–24. The lesions of DD are skin-coloured to brown, hyperkeratotic, greasy papules that coalesce into warty plaques commonly involving the seborrhoeic areas of the trunk and face, especially the scalp margins, temples, ears, and scalp. The most common complaint ass...