Data were collected on the down color of 1,386 parthenogenetic embryos and poults from eggs of 306 young virgin and older nonmated bronze turkey hens. Each hen involved was heterozygous (Cc) for alleles which affect feather pigmentation. Six hundred and sixty nine white and 717 colored parthenogenetic embryos and poults were observed, a 1:1 ratio. Subsequently, 89 of these 306 heterozygous bron...

In this paper we propose, model theoretically and study a general notion of recombination for fixed-length strings where homologous recombination, inversion, gene duplication, gene deletion, diploidy and more are just special cases. The analysis of the model reveals that the notion of schema emerges naturally from the model’s equations. The study provides a variety of fixed points for the case ...

Trifluoroleucine-resistant yeast mutants with an end-product-insensitive alpha-isopropylmalate synthetase are dominant in diploids. This property provides a simple screen for their detection.

This paper develops mathematical models describing the evolutionary dynamics of both asexually and sexually reproducing populations of diploid unicellular organisms. The asexual and sexual life cycles are based on the asexual and sexual life cycles in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, or Baker’s yeast, which normally reproduces by asexual budding, but switches to sexual reproduction when stressed. The ...

To expand the information of nest individuals, the idea of complex-valued encoding is used in cuckoo search (PCS); the gene of individuals is denoted by plurality, so a diploid swarm is structured by a sequence plurality. The value of independent variables for objective function is determined by modules, and a sign of them is determined by angles. The position of nest is divided into two parts,...

A coalescent theory for a sample of DNA sequences from a partially selfing diploid population and an algorithm for simulating such samples are developed in this article. Approximate formulas are given for the expectation and the variance of the number of segregating sites in a sample of k sequences from n individuals. Several new estimators of the important parameters theta = 4N mu and the self...

The potential of maintaining multilocus polymorphism by migration-selection balance is studied. A large population of diploid individuals is distributed over finitely many demes connected by migration. Generations are discrete and nonoverlapping, selection may vary across demes, and loci are multiallelic. It is shown that if migration and recombination are strong relative to selection, then wit...

Contrasts between related diploid and polyploid taxa can serve as windows into the evolution of sexual systems. A recent study of a moving diploid-polyploid contact zone explores this topic in novel ways.