relative diffuse reflection measurements from the original and ground surfaces using a he-ne laser are reported. the intensity measurements for the metallic, transparent dielectric, matte plastic surfaces and colored papers are presented. our results indicate that among metallic surfaces tested, aluminum has the highest diffuse reflectance; while the original stainless steel surface shows the l...

The resilience of coastal ecosystems and communities to poor environmental health outcomes is threatened by cumulative anthropogenic pressures. In Kiribati, a developing Pacific Island country where human activities are closely connected with the ocean, both people environment particularly vulnerable pollution. We present survey water quality parameters around urban South Tarawa, an overview th...

Diffuse pollution is one type of generated by agricultural, livestock, and urban runoff that responsible for surface groundwater pollution. As a result, the exposed population develops different diseases affect their short, medium, long-term quality life. Researchers need to be able assess loss life in monetary terms include this social impact decision-making processes. Specifically, if no meas...

Nitrogen (N) is a key input to food production. Nearly half of N fertilizer not used by crops and lost into the environment via emission gases or polluting water bodies. It essential achieve production levels, which enable global security, without compromising environmental security. The pollution level expected 2050 projected be 150% higher than in 2010, with agricultural sector accounting for...