Native flower visitors removed less nectar from trypsin proteinase inhibitor (TPI)-silenced Nicotiana attenuata plants (ir-pi) than from wild-type plants in four field seasons of releases, even when the nectar repellent, nicotine, was also silenced. Analysis of floral chemistry revealed no differences in the emission of the floral attractants benzylacetone and benzaldehyde or in the concentrati...

tuberose (polianthes tuberosa l.) is one of the most important cut flowers in tropical and subtropical areas. this flower has forth order in cut flower and second order in bulbous plants production in iran. plant spacing and nitrogen necessity are the most important factors for tuberose quality and quantity. in this study, field experiment carried out as factorial design in randomized complete ...

the response of plants to drought stress depends on several factors including the plant developmental stage and the length and severity of the stress applied. common bean (phaseolus vulgaris l.) is the most important pulse crop that is cultivated worldwide for human consumption. understanding of the mechanisms responsible for its response to drought is, therefore, essential. an increasing numbe...

Flowers, the reproductive structures of the approximately 400 000 extant species of flowering plants, exist in a tremendous range of forms and sizes, mainly due to developmental differences involving the number, arrangement, size and form of the floral organs of which they consist. However, this tremendous diversity is underpinned by a surprisingly robust basic floral structure in which a centr...

aphids in unsprayed canola (brassica napus linnaeus) fields in isfahan province (central iran) were sampled for two growing seasons, 2011-2013. sampling unit was a whole plant and 20 plants were sampled weekly. in the laboratory, heat-extracting and sub-sampling techniques were used to estimate the density of aphids. to determine the relationship between population growth rate of the aphids and...

Anemone coronaria L. and Ranunculus asiaticus L. both belong to the Ranunculaceae, a large plant family with many ornamentals of horticultural importance. There are considerable differences between these species leaves, flower morphology and flower colour therefore intergeneric crosses between the species might result in new interesting hybrids. Crosses between Anemone coronaria L. and Ranuncul...

How different organs are formed from small sets of undifferentiated precursor cells is a key question in developmental biology. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying organ specification in plants, we studied the function of the homeotic selector genes APETALA3 (AP3) and PISTILLATA (PI), which control the formation of petals and stamens during Arabidopsis flower development. To this ...

Gentiana leucomelaena manifests dramatic flower color polymorphism, with both blue- and white-flowered individuals (pollinated by flies and bees) both within a population and on an individual plant. Previous studies of this species have shown that pollinator preference and flower temperature change as a function of flower color throughout the flowering season. However, few if any studies have e...