Variations in the spectral shape of underwater irradiance at a fixed depth can be used to describe changes in water column constituents, such as chlorophyll concentration. However, random fluctuations of the depth of the monitoring sensor, caused by current variations, makes interpretation more challenging. Even in homogeneous water, the spectral underwater light field varies with depth because...

We give a quantitative analysis of Gödel’s functional interpretation and its monotone variant. The two have been used for the extraction of programs and numerical bounds as well as for conservation results. They apply both to (semi-)intuitionistic as well as (combined with negative translation) classical proofs. The proofs may be formalized in systems ranging from weak base systems to arithmeti...

at the beginning of twenty-first century, the water crisis in the priority policy andmanagement is inside and outside of the country as principle thoroughly human, social,economic and political rulers of the country is considered abundant. the world bank hasannounced that during 1960 and 2025, water resources in middle east, from 3430 m3 for theeach person in year reach to 667 m3 because of pop...

salinity of soil and water is the most important agricultural hazard in arid and semi-aridregions. in saline soils, yield production directly influences by soluble salts in the root zone aswell as by shallow water table depth. the first step for reclamation of such soils is reducingsalinity to optimum level by leaching. the objective of this study was to develop a practicalmodel to estimate wat...

abstract weirs are the most common structures for discharge measurement in engineering research. streamline curvature, non hydrostatic pressure distribution on weir and nappe adherence to the weir lead to differences between calculated and measured discharges. thus discharge coefficient, which is the ratio of real and theoretic discharges, is usually less than unity. in circular weirs the press...

one of the most valid and efficient models of long rod projectile penetration in homogeneous targets is tate and alekseevskii’s (a&t;) model. based on tate’s model, the present research tries to calculate the optimum speeds to achieve the maximum penetration depth in the homogeneous targets. the proposed collision speed-penetration depth diagrams are developed using tate’s model. in this way, v...

It is known that one of the essential building blocks of turbo codes is the interleaver and its design using random, semi-random (S-Random) and deterministic permutations. In this paper, two new types of turbo code interleavers, Enhanced Block S-Random (EBSR) interleaver is proposed. The design algorithm for the new interleaver is described in depth, and the simulation results are compared to t...