Despite much scholarly attention to “neighborhood effects” on children, no study to date has measured the cumulative exposure of children to neighborhood poverty and affluence. In this paper I construct multi-state period life tables to estimate racial and ethnic inequality in the amount of time children can expect to live in poor and nonpoor neighborhoods throughout childhood. At rates prevail...

OBJECTIVES We evaluated the effect of providing a safe play space on the physical activity level of inner-city schoolchildren. METHODS In 1 of 2 matched neighborhoods, we opened a schoolyard and provided attendants to ensure children's safety. Over the next 2 years we directly observed the number of children and their physical activity levels in the school-yard, as well as in the surrounding ...

The simultaneous effects of soil and existing structures are known as the site-city interaction (structure-soil-structure). The impact of site-city interaction on structure behavior is effective. Thus, this interaction in some regions decreases the responses while increases in other areas. In addition, the site-city interaction of many parameters including the soil type, density rate, height of...

BACKGROUND The Good Food Junction Grocery Store was opened in a former food desert in the inner city of Saskatoon, Canada. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this research was to examine, using grocery store sales data, healthy and less healthful food purchasing over a one-year period beginning eight months after opening by shoppers' neighborhood of residence. DESIGN A multilevel cross sectional desi...

Sense of security is one of the basic human needs and the most influential social components of urban life. Perhaps it can be the most important factor in promoting or hindering walking in cities. In other words, if the neighborhoods of a city have a good level of security, the presents of pedestrians can be seen in local streets even in the late night hours. In this regard and to the answer to...

We investigate a graph-based semi-supervised learning approach for labeling semantic components of questions such as topic, focus, event, etc., for question understanding task. We focus on graph construction to handle learning with dense/sparse graphs and present Relaxed Linear Neighborhoods method, in which each node is linearly constructed from varying sizes of its neighbors based on the dens...