This study aims to examine the implementation of tax deductions and collection by Treasurer Bantuan Operasional Sekolah (BOS). The research data analysis used a descriptive qualitative approach. objects were SD Negeri Banyuajuh 3 Kamal Bangkalan Madura SMK Kesehatan Yannas Husada Bangkalan. Data techniques unstructured interviews, observation documentation. results showed that witholding levy c...

Charitable giving data from a new Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) philanthropy module are introduced. Relative distribution methods are used to compare the data to Internal Revenue Service (IRS) charitable deductions. Results indicate the new data are high quality. JEL Classification: C80, D64, H40.

The implication problem for the class of embedded dependencies is undecidable. However, this does not imply lackness of a proof procedure as exemplified by the chase algorithm. In this paper we present a complete axiomatization of embedded dependencies that is based on the chase and uses inclusion dependencies and implicit existential quantification in the intermediate steps of deductions.

It has been commonly argued, on the basis of Gödel’s theorem and related mathematical results, that true artificial intelligence cannot exist. Penrose has further deduced from the existence of human intelligence that fundamental changes in physical theories are needed. I provide an elementary demonstration that these deductions are mis-

In this paper it is shown that addition of certain reductions to the standard cut removing reductions of deductions in propositional logic makes propositional logic non-normalizable. From this follows that some provable propositions in propositional logic has no direct proof.

1. o formal representation of plausible inference patterns; such OS deductions, inductions, ond analogies, thot ore frequently employed in answering every doy questions: 2. a set of parameters, such OS conditional likelihood, typicality, and similarity, that affect the certainty of people’s onswers to such questions; ond 3. a system relating the different plorisible inference patterns and the d...

This paper compares egalitarian concepts of fairness in health care payments (requiring that payments be linked to ability to pay or ATP) and minimum standards approaches (requiring that payments do not exceed a pre-specified proportion of pre-payment income, or do not drive households into poverty). We develop indices for both sets of approaches. In the first, we compare the “agnostic” approac...