Distributed denial-of-service attack is one of the greatest threats to the Internet today. One of the biggest diiculties in defending against this attack is that attackers always use incorrect, or \spoofed" IP source addresses to disguise their true origin. In this paper, we present a packet marking algorithm which allows the victim to traceback the approximate origin of spoofed IP packets. The...

It is argued that varying word-order is related not to the marking on the arguments indicating their grammatical relations but to the syntax of object. The flexible word-order in Japanese and the lack thereof in Chinese may be attributed to the presence or absence of argument-marking, but evidence from Naxi shows that although argument-marking may help identify the semantic roles of the argumen...

The linguistic phenomenon of recurrence is identified in two aspects; either as a repetition an action or restoration to former state. This paper examines lexical items, auxiliary verb san and adverb (e)bio , which encode this Akan. marker claimed be the output grammaticalization process has its historical input phonologically identical with restorative meaning. Even though diachronically assoc...

Should an alphabetic orthography for a tone language include tone marks? Opinion and practice are divided along three lines: zero marking, phonemic marking and various reduced marking schemes. This paper examines the success of phonemic tone marking for Dschang, a Grassfields Bantu language which uses tone to distinguish lexical items and some grammatical constructions. Participants with a vari...

There is a debate among search theorists as to whether search exploits a memory for rejected distractors. We addressed this question by monitoring eye movements and explicitly marking objects visited by gaze during search. If search is memoryless, markers might be used to reduce distractor reinspections and improve search efficiency, relative to a no-marking baseline. However, if search already...

Various word-processing system have been developed to identify grammatical errors and mark learners’ essays. However, they are not specifically developed for Malaysian ESL (English as a second language) learners. A marking tool which is capable to identify errors in ESL writing for these learners is very much needed. Though there are numerous techniques adopted in grammar checking and automated...

The desert gerbil, M. hurrianae scent marks the general substratum in its territory with the sebum exudation of mid abdominal gland and urine. Having assessed number of functions, which scent marking plays in the social life of these rodents, the scent marking behaviour was studied in animals, in which the gland was surgically removed and was compared with that of intact rodents. After recovery...