background : the aim of this study was to identify factors affecting self-medication and its pattern among the students of tabriz university of medical sciences, tabriz, iran. methods: this descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 385 students of tabriz university of medical sciences in 2012. the data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. the validity of the questionnai...

introduction: plagiarism damages the scientific products. its effects on sciences producer, such as manufacturers, scientists, authors and the others is that they will not desire to write anymore. furthermore, research result is so important in medical sciences, because they are dealing with human life. therefore, this study aimed to identify the methods and types of crime in plagiarism. method...

In collaborative qualitative research in Asia, data are usually collected in the national language, and this poses challenges for analysis. Translation of transcripts to a language common to the whole research team is time consuming and expensive; meaning can easily be lost in translation; and validity of the data may be compromised in this process. We draw on several published examples from pu...

A follow-up of the 1990s review of qualitative research articles published in three North American sport psychology journals (Culver, Gilbert, & Trudel, 2003) was conducted for the years 2000–2009. Of the 1,324 articles published, 631 were data-based and 183 of these used qualitative data collection techniques; an increase from 17.3% for the 1990s to 29.0% for this last decade. Of these, 31.1% ...

In two prior papers in our series on qualitative research [Frankel & Devers (2000a, 2000b) Qualitative research: a consumer's guide, Education for Health, 13, 113-123; Frankel & Devers (2000) Study design in qualitative research-1: developing research questions and assessing research needs, Education for Health, 13, 251-261], we examine two critical issues in qualitative research design: sampli...

OBJECTIVE To highlight the importance of sampling and data collection processes in qualitative interview studies, and to discuss the contribution of these processes to determining the strength of the evidence generated and thereby to decisions for public health practice and policy. APPROACH This discussion is informed by a hierarchy-of-evidence-for-practice model. The paper provides succinct ...

OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to outline explicit criteria for assessing the contribution of qualitative empirical studies in health and medicine, leading to a hierarchy of evidence specific to qualitative methods. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING This paper arose from a series of critical appraisal exercises based on recent qualitative research studies in the health literature. We focused...

This article provides an innovative meta-framework comprising strategies designed to guide qualitative data collection in the 21st century. We present a meta-framework comprising strategies for collecting data from interviews, focus groups, observations, and documents/material culture. We present a template for collecting nonverbal data during interviews and discuss the concept of debriefing th...