dar al-islam's population consists of muslims (majority), the people of the dhimma (non-muslim citizens of an islamic state known as the minority) and al-musta'min (an islamic classification for a non-muslim foreigner that enters muslim lands for less than a year and is legally protected by the muslim authority). the fact that public courts of islamic states have the jurisdiction to d...

1Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania, United Republic of; 2Glasgow University, Glasgow, United Kingdom; 3Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania, United Republic of; 4Ministry of Health, Zanzibar, Pemba, Tanzania, United Republic of; 5Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, United Republic of; ...

This paper considers how low-income households and communities in Dar es Salaam have obtained access to land. The paper begins with an analysis of urban land policy in Tanzania, drawing the distinction between planned and unplanned areas. After a consideration of poverty in Tanzania and a brief historical review of urban land allocation, the paper reports on a study carried out in Dar es Salaam...

Congenital bilateral anophthalmia and microphthalmia are rare conditions, with overall prevalence in one study set at 1.0 per 10,000 births. We report here a case of congenital bilateral severe microphthalmia with mental retardation and cerebral palsy. The patient was man aged 38 years with a chromosome aberration, namely a balanced translocation: 46, XY, t (2;6)(q31;q24). He had no other malfo...

The che mi cal, physi cal and mor pho lo gic uri ne exa mi na tion has un der go ne ra di cal chan ges over the la st few yea rs, so that the ti me has co me for intro du ci ng fur ther chan ges and mo di 2 ca tio ns in va rious ste ps of this im por ta nt te st. The break throug hs of new tec hno lo gies ha ve al lowed ma ki ng the la bo ra to ry re po rt mu ch mo re in for ma ti ve for the st...

Das Web 2.0 ist u.a. auch eine weltweite Plattform für Meinungsäußerungen. Immer mehr Kunden diskutieren online über Produkte und tauschen Erfahrungen aus. Die Analyse der Online Beiträge stellt daher ein wichtiges Marktforschungsinstrument dar. Es wird ein Ansatz zur automatischen Identifikation, Aggregation und Analyse von Meinungen mittels Text Mining vorgestellt und dessen Anwendung an eine...

Consider a sequence of bits where we are trying to predict the next bit from the previous bits. Assume we are allowed to say ‘predict 0’ or ‘predict 1’, and our payoff is +1 if the prediction is correct and −1 otherwise. We will say that at each point in time the loss of an algorithm is the number of wrong predictions minus the number of right predictions so far. In this paper we are interested...

The work presented in this paper is part of the study which aims at determining the levels of elements in hair of children in Tanzania as a bioindicator of their nutrition and health. In this paper, the levels of trace elements in hair from children living in Dar es Salaam have been analysed. The analysis was carried out by long and short irradiation INAA at the reactor centre of the Institute ...