The degradation of the RpoS (sS) subunit of RNA polymerase in Escherichia coli is a prime example of regulated proteolysis in prokaryotes. RpoS turnover depends on ClpXP protease, the response regulator RssB, and a hitherto uncharacterized ‘‘turnover element’’ within RpoS itself. Here we localize the turnover element to a small element (around the crucial amino acid lysine-173) directly downstr...

The theory of Rational Belief Equilibria (RBE) offers a unified paradigm for explaining market volatility by the effect of "Endogenous Uncertainty" on financial markets. This uncertainty is propagated within the economy (hence "endogenous") by the beliefs of asset traders. The theory of RBE was developed in a sequence of papers assembled in a recently published book (Kurz [1997]) and the presen...

Scab, caused by Cladosporium cucumerinum Ell. et Arthur, is a prevalent disease of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) worldwide. Scab can cause serious losses for cucumber production, especially in protected culture such as high tunnel production. Resistance to cucumber scab is dominant and is controlled by a single gene, Ccu. Breeding for resistant cultivars is the most efficient way to control the...

Carbon dioxide (CO2) flux is a critical component of the global C budget. While CO2 flux has been increasingly studied in mangroves, better partitioning of components contributing to the overall flux will be useful in constraining C budgets. Little information is available on how CO2 flux may vary with forest age and conditions. We used a combination of C stable isotope labeling and closed cham...

Primordial black holes (PBHs) might form from the collapse of over-densed regions generated by large scalar curvature perturbations in radiation dominated era. Despite decades various independent observations, nature dark matter (DM) remains highly puzzling. Recently, PBH DM have aroused interest since they provide an attracting explanation to merger events binary discovered LIGO/VIRGO and may ...

This paper provides benchmarks of trade restrictiveness and year-on-year changes in trade restrictiveness using the Trade Restrictiveness Index. These benchmark measures stand in sharp contrast to standard measures. For a 28 country sample the TRI is used to compare trade policy in a recent year with free trade. Trade weighted average tariffs substantially underestimate restrictiveness measured...