A self-reproducing cycle has the fundamental organization, A + X −→ 2A, and is autocatalytic, i.e. the products catalyze the formation of the products. The rate of increase of A is proportional to A, i.e. exponential. Asexual living entities often grow exponentially when resources are abundant, and decay exponentially when resources are scarce, according to autocatalytic kinetics. If two previo...

Wheat dough characteristics and end-use quality are strongly influenced by the amount specific composition of glutenins, major components gluten. Such proteins divided into high-molecular-weight encoded Glu-A1, Glu-B1 Glu-D1 loci; low-molecular-weight Glu-A3, Glu-B3 Glu-D3 loci. Allelic variation at each these loci has been associated with changes in wheat functionality. However, most studies c...

The effects of dwarfing alleles (reduced height, Rht) in near isogenic lines on wheat grain quality are characterised in field experiments and related to effects on crop height, grain yield and GA-sensitivity. Alleles included those that conferred GA-insensitivity (Rht-B1b, Rht-B1c, Rht-D1b, Rht-D1c) as well as those that retained GA-sensitivity (rht(tall), Rht8, Rht8 + Ppd-D1a, Rht12). Full ch...

Soybean seeds contain large amounts of isoflavones or phytoestrogens such as genistein, daidzein, and glycitein that display biological effects when ingested by humans and animals. In seeds, the total amount, and amount of each type, of isoflavone varies by 5 fold between cultivars and locations. Isoflavone content and quality are one key to the biological effects of soy foods, dietary suppleme...

To understand the mechanism of photosynthetic inhibition and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Symbiodinium types under stress, chemicals such as dichlorophenyl dimethylurea (DCMU) are widely used. Moreover, DCMU and recently menthol were used to generate aposymbiotic cnidarian hosts. While the effects of DCMU on Symbiodinium cells have been extensively studied, no studies have sho...

Soybean cyst nematode (SCN) (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) is the most important pest of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in the world. A total of 17 quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping papers and 62 marker–QTL associations have been reported for resistance to soybean cyst nematode in soybean. Conflicting results often occurred. The objectives of this study were to: (i) evaluate evidence for...

In diploid segregation, each alternative allele has a 50% chance of being passed on to the offspring. Mutations in genes involved in the process of meiotic division or early stages of reproductive cell development can affect allele frequency in the gametes. In addition, competition among gametes and differential survival rates of gametes can lead to segregation distortion. In a recent transform...

Land-based sources of pollution have been identified as significant stressors linked to the widespread declines of coral cover in coastal reef ecosystems over the last 30 years. Metal contaminants, although noted as a concern, have not been closely monitored in these sensitive ecosystems, nor have their potential impacts on coral-algal symbioses been characterized. In this study, three species ...