With the development of space science and technology, some countries have launched unmanned planetary exploration programs. Because planet surfaces are rough and formidable, planetary exploration rovers were used as a versatile and safe alternative to manned space missions to explore the planets. In recent years, many types of planetary rovers were developed including tracked type, legged type,...

PURPOSE The optic cup is created through invagination of the optic vesicle. The morphogenetic rearrangement creates a double-layered cup, with a hinge (the Optic Cup Lip) where the epithelium bends back upon itself. Shortly after the optic cup forms, it is thought to be sub-divided into separate lineages: i) pigmented epithelium in the outer layer; ii) presumptive iris and ciliary body at the m...

A unique polygenic model of rat physical activity has been recently developed where rats were selected for the trait of low voluntary wheel running. We utilized this model to identify differences in soleus and plantaris muscles of sedentary low voluntary wheel running rats and physically active low voluntary wheel running rats exposed to moderate amounts of treadmill training. Three groups of 2...

Rail wheel squeal on curves in rail track is a source of potential noise annoyance to residents adjacent to rail lines. For one private rail freight operator, wheel squeal was causing repeated complaints from neighbours. Wheel squeal can be caused by the wheel-tyre to rail-top interaction and the wheel flange interaction with the gauge face of the rail (more like a screech). This paper describe...

Abstract: To improve the stability and reliability of the piezoelectric micro-pump, the cause of air block phenomenon is analyzed on the structure of wheel check valve. During the movement of the bubble in the micro-channel, pressure drop occurs, the main factor which influences the bubble going through is opening height of the wheel check valve. Five groups of wheel check valves with different...

This paper discuses sensor steering mechanism (SSM) for a laterally guided vehicle with a rear wheel steering mechanism. The authors have demonstrated the geometry of SSMs for front wheel steering type and reverse phase four-wheel steering type vehicles. SSMs allow stable lateral guiding performance for automated vehicles following a path with straight and curved portions created by a guideway....

Centrifugal atomization of metal melts is a cost-effective process for powder production and spray deposition. The properties of the as-produced powder and deposit are determined primarily by the characteristics of the atomized droplets, which in turn are largely dependent on the flow development of the melt on the atomizer. This paper develops a model for analysing the flow development of a fu...

Many patents have suggested that spinning the aircraft wheel before touchdown would lessen tyre wear as indicated by landing smoke and rubber deposites on the runway caused by skidding wheel at the point of impact. In this paper, the required torque to spin the aircraft wheel at approach speed has been calculated using ANSYS Workbench CFX, which is used to determine the wheel aerodynamic forces...