Crown class, an ordinal tree-level mensuration attribute used extensively by foresters, is di#icult to ass ign in thefield because def ini t ions of individual classes are confounded by ambiguous references to the position the tree in the canopy and amount of light received by its crown. When crown class is decomposed into its two elements-crown position and crown light exposure--field assignme...

Crown roots are the main components of the fibrous root system in rice (Oryza sativa). WOX11, a WUSCHEL-related homeobox gene specifically expressed in the emerging crown root meristem, is a key regulator in crown root development. However, the nature of WOX11 function in crown root development has remained elusive. Here, we identified a rice AP2/ERF protein, ERF3, which interacts with WOX11 an...

We address the following question: Is there a difference (D) between the amount of time for auditory and visual stimuli to be perceived? On each of 1000 trials, observers were presented with a light-sound pair, separated by a stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) between -250 ms (sound first) and +250 ms. Observers indicated if the light-sound pair came on simultaneously by pressing one of two (yes o...

This study demonstrates the spectral data for two triarylmethane dyes, malachite green (MG) and crystal violet (CV) at room temperature. Effects of micellar environment, and crown ether addition on the spectral behaviour of the dyes were studied using absorption spectroscopic method. The dye-anionic surfactant interactions in micellar media were investigated. The chosen surfactants with differe...

Why does a clock sometimes appear stopped? Is it possible to perceive the world in slow motion during a car accident? Can action and effect be reversed? Time perception is surprisingly prone to measurable distortions and illusions. The past few years have introduced remarkable progress in identifying and quantifying temporal illusions of duration, temporal order, and simultaneity. For example, ...

A theory is proposed to account for some of the age-related differences reported in measures of Type A or fluid cognition. The central hypothesis in the theory is that increased age in adulthood is associated with a decrease in the speed with which many processing operations can be executed and that this reduction in speed leads to impairments in cognitive functioning because of what are termed...

When presented with temporally displaced audiovisual events, observers shift their point of subjective simultaneity (PSS) in the direction of this prior lag. This effect, known as temporal recalibration (TR), has been inferred previously using single audiovisual events. Here we investigate TR using an audiovisual synchrony search paradigm employing spatiotemporally cluttered visual displays. By...

One of the main consequences of Einstein’s derivation of the Lorentz transformation (LT) was the conclusion that a given event may not occur simultaneously for two observers in relative motion. It is pointed out that the constancy of the speed of light in free space is not sufficient in itself to completely specify the relationship between space-time vectors in different rest frames, as first n...