A crash avoidance database structure that is based on driver judgments is proposed. The structure comprises four driving conflict states (low risk, conflict, near crash, and crash) that correspond with advisory warning, crash-imminent warning, and crash mitigation countermeasures. The feasibility of this database structure is investigated by answering two questions: (a) Can the driving states b...

Importance Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often persists into adolescence, when motor vehicle crash risk peaks. We know little about when adolescents with ADHD get licensed and, once they do, the extent to which they have increased crash risk compared with adolescents without ADHD. Objectives To examine the association between ADHD and both driver licensing and crash involvem...

To assess elderly occupant protection in frontal as well as near-side impacts two restraint systems were designed to reduce loading of the chest and thereby reduce the risk of rib fractures which are common among the elderly population. The frontal protection system is called the split buckle (SB) system, and the side impact protection system is a pre-crash dual airbag (Pre-Crash SAB). The spli...

Whiplash injuries resulting from rear impacts are one of the most important injury categories with regard to long-term consequences. Most rear impacts lead to no injury or to symptoms that are temporary. Impacts where the duration of symptoms differs need to be separated in analyses in order to isolate representative rear impact conditions in which more long-lasting whiplash injuries occur. The...

BACKGROUND Young car drivers run a higher risk of road traffic crash and injury not only because of their lack of experience but also because of their young age and their greater propensity for adopting unsafe driving practices. Also, low family socioeconomic position increases the risk of crash and of severe crash in particular. Whether this holds true for young unlicensed drivers as well is n...

The objective of this study was to estimate the potential effectiveness of AEB systems using simulation of crashes drawn from Australian indepth crash data. 104 crashes that occurred within 100 km of Adelaide, South Australia, were used to assess the potential effect of AEB systems. The crashes had been investigated at the scene, re-constructed to determine collision speeds, and in this study t...

This paper considers a comprehensive naturalistic driving experiment to collect driving data under potential threats on actual Chinese roads. Using acquired real-world naturalistic driving data, a near-crash database is built, which contains vehicle status, potential crash objects, driving environment and road types, weather condition, and driver information and actions. The aims of this study ...

This paper takes China Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share listed companies from 2007 to 2021 as samples empirically test the impact of major shareholder reduction on risk stock price crash. finds that shareholders promotes crash companies, is, compared with without shareholders’ reduction, is higher, this conclusion still holds after controlling conservative factors. Further examination shows shareh...

The most important factor in predicting the risk of injury or death in a frontal crash is the crash severity, which is expressed as the velocity change, or delta-V, experienced by the vehicle during the crash. The National Automotive Sampling System (NASS) is the largest database in the world linking injury outcomes with delta-Vs, which are obtained from field reconstructions. The accuracy of t...

Federal aviation regulations prohibit airline pilots from flying beyond the age of 60 years. However, the relation between pilot age and flight safety has not been rigorously assessed using empirical data. From 1987 to 1997, the authors followed a cohort of 3,306 commuter air carrier and air taxi pilots who were aged 45-54 years in 1987. During the follow-up period, the pilots accumulated a tot...