the aim of this paper is to identify and analyses the influence of shareholder ownership identity on payout ratio for a panel of iran firms from 2002 to 2008. we found that there is a significant positive correlation between institutional ownership and payout ratio. the relation between payout ratio and individual ownership is negative. the most finding of the study indicates that iranian compa...

While multinational firms invest large amounts of money in employee stock ownership plans (ESOPs) to reduce turnover, there is little evidence regarding ESOPs' effectiveness retaining rank-and-file employees and none on a global scale. Building psychological (PO) arguments, we predict that employee's ESOP participation will be negatively associated with firm exit decision this effect stronger c...

The main motivation of this paper is to study the impact of the composition of creditors on the probability of default and the corresponding default risk premium on sovereign bonds, when there is debtor moral hazard. In the absence of any legal enforcement, relational contracts work only when there are creditors who have a repeated relationship with the borrower. We show that ownership structur...

Concerns of infectious disease outbreaks have recently reached the forefront of global security issues and resulted in new engagements among foreign science advisors, host country scientists, and officials. There are lessons to be learned from the numerous organizations working in global regions of endemic disease who are building capacity to survey pathogens and prevent and contain epidemics. ...

Land and wealth are closely related in rural Brazil, a country characterized by high levels of inequality in terms of income or landholdings. After presenting a historical retrospective of land concentration and land reform in Brazil, this study evaluates the impact of the land reform programme undertaken in the 1990s on land ownership and land distribution. It is shown that the programme incre...

Expert knowledge is the defining feature of any profession. Research is the currency by which ownership of that knowledge is vested. Among the nations, Canada rightfully stands as the historical champion for expertise within the chiropractic profession. As the evidence has accumulated and the era of competition engaged, Canada has again taken leadership through its efforts to integrate chiropra...

Using count data on Indian joint ventures (JVs) and wholly owned subsidiaries (WOS), we present an empirical analysis of FDI-related ownership choices and their relation with host country characteristics and indicators of transaction costs. Our Negative Binomial regression models offer only weak support for the bargaining perspective, according to which JVs should be more likely if the host cou...

The United States President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), launched by President Bush with strong bipartisan support, was a historic moment in development both in size and scope. With $18.8 billion across its first 5 years, it is the largest international health initiative in history for a specific disease. In scope, it is the first global initiative to tackle a chronic disease and ...