Reference counting is a pervasive resource management idiom where each resource contains a count of the number of clients that hold a reference to it, and each client increments (resp., decrements) the count on acquiring (resp., releasing) the resource. If the reference count falls to zero, the system can reclaim the resource. Reference counting is often a source of subtle bugs, ranging from le...

In the last decades an important number of research papers published on nano chip electrode and cathode electrochromic materials. Tantalum (Ta) with so high melting point can be as a good candidate for the future of nano chip devices. However, its surface has not enough trap centers and/or occupation states, so nitrogen ions exposed on Ta surafce, may solve this problem. For this purpose, in th...

The beta-decay of Kr is a significant radioactive background for experiments that use liquified noble gases to search for dark matter and measure the low-energy solar neutrino flux. While there are several proposed methods for reducing Kr levels in these experiments, an independent technique is needed for measuring very low Kr levels. By selectively exciting Kr atoms to a metastable state, capt...

objective: average age of population in the industrial countries has increased. because of aging the percent of the diseases related to the oldness such as multiple myeloma have also increased. it has both common and unique symptoms and effects. the unique effects include wide bone reabsorption. it seems necessary to understand the structure of bone marrow niche and the effects of myeloma cells...