We study a multicast game in communication networks in which a source sends the same message or service to a set of destinations and the cost of the used links is divided among the receivers according to given cost sharing methods. Assuming a selfish and rational behavior, each receiving user is willing to select a strategy yielding the minimum shared cost. A Nash equilibrium is a solution in w...

The study was done to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a national rotavirus vaccination programme in Brazilian children from the healthcare system perspective. A hypothetical annual birth-cohort was followed for a five-year period. Published and national administrative data were incorporated into a model to quantify the consequences of vaccination versus no vaccination. Main outcome measures ...

Background: Socioeconomic indicators are the main factors that affect health outcome. Health price index (HPI) and households living costs (HLC) are affected by economic reform. This study aimed at examining the effect of subsidy targeting plan (STP) on HPI and HLC.    Methods: The social accounting matrix was used to study the direct and indirect effects of STP. We chose 11 health r...

OBJECTIVE To analyze the cost-utility of using extracorporeal oxygenation for patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome in Brazil. METHODS A decision tree was constructed using databases from previously published studies. Costs were taken from the average price paid by the Brazilian Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde; SUS) over three months in 2011. Using the data of...

OBJECTIVE To assess the availability and affordability of medicines used to treat cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease and glaucoma and to provide palliative cancer care in six low- and middle-income countries. METHODS A survey of the availability and price of 32 medicines was conducted in a representative sample of public and private medicine outlets in four geograph...

Previous research has shown tolerance to cocaine that was dependent on fixed-ratio (FR) parameter size in the context of a multiple FR schedule of food reinforcement. Completion of the FR requirement in these studies resulted in the same magnitude of reinforcement, regardless of ratio size. The cost-to-benefits ratio (unit-price) was therefore not equated across the different FR components. The...

In this thesis we examine how fuel price variation affects the optimal mix of services in intercity transportation. Towards this end, we make two main contributions. The first is the development of an analytic total logistics cost model of intercity transportation, which is sensitive to fuel price and incorporates multiple classes of vehicles serving passengers with differentiated values of tim...

this study considered the production economics of coffee in pakuwa village development committee of parbat district, nepal. household survey was done in june 2014. data collection was done using semi-structured pre-tested questionnaire administered on 40 coffee producers selected randomly. gross margin analysis, profitability index and the benefit-cost ratio was used to analyze the production e...

BACKGROUND Access to medicines is a universal right. Low availability and low affordability of medicines are issues that deny this right to a significant proportion of the world population. The objective of this study was to determine the availability, price and affordability of essential medicines prescribed to treat non communicable diseases in Sri Lanka. METHODS Methodology was based on th...