Several studies revealed that orexins may take part in the regulation of the different forms of affective and cognitive processes during wakefulness. The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) as an important part of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) have a crucial role in cognitive processes such as reward and decision-making and has a high density of orexin receptor type 1 (...

BackgroundCortical visual prostheses often use penetrating electrode arrays to deliver microstimulation the cortex. To optimize placement within cortex, neural responses at different cortical depths must first be understood.ObjectiveWe investigated how evoked by in cortex varied with depth, of both stimulation and response.MethodsA 32-channel single shank array was inserted into primary anaesth...

Deciding how to manipulate an object fulfill a goal requires accessing different types of object-related information. How these information are integrated and represented in the brain is still open question. Here, we focus on examining two information–tool-gesture knowledge (i.e., object), tool-gesture production actual manipulation object). We show double dissociation between production: Patie...

Background: Astrocytes, which comprise ~90% of overall brain mass, are involved in brain immunity. These cells represent the non-professional class of CNS-resident APCs and may promote or inhibit CNS inflammation depending on the cytokines they secrete. IL-10 family of cytokines and their receptors, IL-20R1 and IL-20R2, may have a role in shifting astrocytes to a neuroprotective or neurodegener...

Catecholamine is a group of neurotransmitters that is believed to be responsible for the normal function of animal brain. Physiological and behavioral changes of human body have been reported due to the damage of the brain function following lead exposure. Due to the assumption of lead disposal in brain tissue with two year for its half-life, which results in alteration of brain function, we in...

Catecholamine is a group of neurotransmitters that is believed to be responsible for the normal function of animal brain. Physiological and behavioral changes of human body have been reported due to the damage of the brain function following lead exposure. Due to the assumption of lead disposal in brain tissue with two year for its half-life, which results in alteration of brain function, we in...

It is new clear that the brain of headache sufferers are different from those people without headache, theimaging study showed thickening in specific area related to communication sensory processingcalled somatosensory cortex (post central region) this we examine 36 patient, 28 them haveheadache variable duration, 8 healthy patient used as control (i.e. has no headache). The result foundthat th...