Purpose of review: To identify pre-cooling systems and cooling methods that are suitable for smaller scale horticultural producers Findings: A range of pre-cooling systems are available for small-scale horticultural producers and their suitability is described, in terms of availability, ease of use, capital cost, energy requirements. Expected benefits of using pre-cooling are also discussed. Li...

We study the effect of cooling flows in galaxy clusters on the Sunyaev-Zel’dovich (SZ) distortion and the possible cosmological implications. The SZ effect, along with X-ray observations of clusters, is used to determine the Hubble constant, H◦. Blank sky surveys of SZ effect are being planned to constrain the geometry of the universe through cluster counts. It is also known that a significant ...

The evolution of white dwarfs is essentially a cooling process that depends primarily on the energy stored in their degenerate cores and on the transparency of their envelopes. In this paper we compute accurate cooling sequences for carbon–oxygen white dwarfs with hydrogen dominated atmospheres for the full range of masses of interest. For this purpose we use the most accurate available physica...

The uphill energy transfer in photosystems implies input energy at higher wavelength leading to energy output at lower wavelength. Briefly, energy is uphill transported from photosystem I (PSI) to photosystem II (PSII), the latter having a lower wavelength emission. This uphill energy transport involves absorption of thermal energy from the surroundings. While such cooling effects have been rep...

Reducing the heart's temperature by 2-5°C is a potent cardioprotective treatment in animal models of coronary artery occlusion. The anti-infarct benefit depends upon the target temperature and the time at which cooling is instituted. Protection primarily results from cooling during the ischaemic period, whereas cooling during reperfusion or beyond offers little protection. In animal studies, pr...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The degree of protective cooling required during laser therapy to achieve an optimal result is unknown. The expression of heat shock proteins, Hsp47 and Hsp70, were examined in the epidermis and dermis as biomarkers to quantify the degree and depth of tissue affected by non-ablative laser treatment using variable protective cooling parameters. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS ...

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of peripheral sustained cooling on intention tremor in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). MS induced upper limb intention tremor affects many functional activities and is extremely difficult to treat.Materials/ METHODS Deep (18 degrees C) and moderate (25 degrees C) cooling interventions were applied for 15 minutes to 23 and 11 tremor arms of patients w...

BACKGROUND This pilot study in five healthy adult humans forms the pre-clinical assessment of the effect of a forced convective head cooling device on intracranial temperature, measured non-invasively by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). METHODS After a 10 min baseline with no cooling, subjects received 30 min of head cooling followed by 30 min of head and neck cooling via a hood and nec...

The minimal cooling paradigm for neutron star cooling assumes that enhanced cooling due to neutrino emission from any direct Urca process, due either to nucleons or to exotica such as hyperons, Bose condensates, or deconfined quarks, does not occur. This scenario was developed to replace and extend the so-called standard cooling scenario to include neutrino emission from the Cooper pair breakin...

We report the results of recent numerical simulations of the head-on merger of a cooling flow cluster with an infalling subcluster of galaxies. The objective of these simulations was to examine the effects of different types of cluster mergers (with 16:1 and 4:1 mass ratios) on the evolution of cluster cooling flows (with mass accretion rates of 100 and 400 M⊙/year). The 2-dimensional simulatio...