Chandra observations of solar-like pre-main sequence (PMS) stars in the Orion Flanking Fields (age ∼1 Myr) and NGC 2264 (∼3 Myr) are compared with the results of the COUP survey of similar objects in the ONC (∼0.5 Myr). The correlations between log L x and mass found for PMS stars on convective tracks in these clusters are consistent with the relationships found for the ONC, indicating little c...

The present study addresses the problem of ignition of a single sodium droplet, which is an important issue for the nuclear facilities safety. The study follows the approach of previous works and extends the results of those papers to the case of radiative heat loss. The contribution of the thermal radiation is taken into account based on the P-1 approximation for thermal radiation transfer. An...

A computationally fast scheme has been developed which accurately evaluates the vertical integral of the transmission function for longwave radiative transfer, incorporating with the multi-parameter random model. In this scheme transmittances are calculated only between the half-levels of the vertical coordinate, while the Planck fluxes are evaluated at both the halfand full-levels. The vertica...

Fin-tube heat exchangers are widely used in air-conditioners and heat pumps, which are constructed with a lot of tubes. Refrigerant circuit of heat exchanger with numerous pipe can be constructed by many methods. Refrigerant circuit design is usually determined designer’s experience and case by case test without guides. The number of path affects largely on heat exchanger performance. In this p...

Abstract Tropical upper-level clouds (TUCs) control the radiation budget in a climate system and strongly influence surface temperatures. This study examines global mean temperature changes due to percent change TUC cover, which is referred as tropical cloud radiative effect (TUCRE, units of Kelvin per %). We use radiative-convective equilibrium model that can both upper- lower-level layers sep...

Radiative feedbacks in the climate system are the primary uncertainty affecting estimates of anthropogenic global warming and climate change (Knutti & Hergerl, 2008; IPCC, 2007). While the feedbacks of most interest are on the long time scales associated with anthropogenic greenhouse gas forcing – decadal or longer – our most accurate satellite measurements of global radiative fluxes are closer...

Anomalies of precipitation, cloud, thermodynamic, and radiation variables are analyzed on the large spatial scale defined by the tropical oceans. In particular, relationships between the mean tropical oceanic precipitation anomaly and radiative anomalies are examined. It is found that tropical mean precipitation is well correlated with cloud properties and radiative fields. In particular, the t...

The behavior of a GCM column physics package in a nonrotating, doubly periodic, homogeneous setting with prescribed SSTs is examined. This radiative–convective framework is proposed as a useful tool for studying some of the interactions between convection and larger-scale dynamics and the effects of differing modeling assumptions on convective organization and cloud feedbacks. For the column ph...