We review the properties of solar convection that are directly observable at the solar surface, and discuss the relevant underlying physics, concentrating mostly on a range of depths from the temperature minimum down to about 20 Mm below the visible solar surface. The properties of convection at the main energy carrying (granular) scales are tightly constrained by observations, in particular by...

Convection-diffusion equations are widely used for modeling and simulations of various complex phenomena in science and engineering (Hundsdorfer & Verwer, 2003; Morton, 1996). Since for most application problems it is impossible to solve convection-diffusion equations analytically, efficient numerical algorithms are becoming increasingly important to numerical simulations involving convection-d...

Themountainous Caribbean island of Dominica was chosen as a natural laboratory for studying orographic convection in the tropics. Here, the authors focus on a prototypical case study, taken from the Dominica Experiment (DOMEX) field campaign in the spring of 2011. Airborne measurements and high-resolution numerical experiments are used to examine the mesoscale dynamics of moist airflow over Dom...

Small-scale convection under the oceanic lithosphere which begins in the first 5 m.y. of cooling can produce a gravity signal with the amplitude and wavelength observed for large areas of the central Pacific and southern Indian oceans using Seasat altimeter data. The trend of the observed anomalies is parallel to the direction of plate motion as might be expected if they were produced by small-...

this paper was concerned with studying the magnetohydrodynamic steady laminar free convection flow of a micropolar fluid past a continuously moving surface in the presence of heat generation and thermal radiation. similarity transformation was employed to transform the governing partial differential equations into ordinary ones, which were then solved numerically using the finite element method...

laminar mixed convection of aluminium oxide (al2o3)–water nanofluid flow in an inclined annulus using a single-phase approach was numerically studied. constant heat flux boundary conditions were applied on the inner and outer walls. all the thermophysical properties of nanofluid, such as, viscosity, heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and thermal expansion coefficient, except density in the bo...

nanofiltration-based separation processes have found diverse applications in industrial and environmentalproblems recently, due to several advantages such as lower energy requirement and elevated flux ratescompared with their reverse osmosis (ro) counterparts. several attempts have been made for modellingnf-based separation processes ranging from rigorous space-charge approaches to simpler irre...

in this paper, mixed convection of al2o3-eg-water nanofluid in a square lid-driven enclosure is investigated numerically. the focus of this study is on the effects of variable thermophysical properties of the nanofluid on the heat transfer characteristics. the top moving and the bottom stationary horizontal walls are insulated, while the vertical walls are kept at different constant temperature...

Rayleigh-Bénard convection is the buoyancy-driven flow of a fluid heated from below and cooled from above. This model of thermal convection is a paradigm for pattern formation and turbulence [1] and it plays an important role in a large range of phenomena in geophysics, astrophysics, meteorology, oceanography and engineering. The problem under investigation is: given an incompressible fluid enc...

We investigate prompt convection in core collapse supernovae and its consequences for the late-time shock evolution and supernova outcome. We examine the evolution of the core prior to the onset of convection and nd that the negative entropy gradients imprinted on the outer core by the weakening shock, which, along with the negative lepton gradient, drive the convection, are very sensitive to (...