Background: ART contracts involving third parties have been created while clinical reproductive treatments are globally widespread. Iran is pioneer in applying these treatments in middle-east due to shii’at jurisprudence prescribing them. This key role in region, has raised Iranian jurists’ responsibility in developing a legal system regarding administration of ART. The most significant part of...

We investigate the finitely repeated prisoners’ dilemma with explicit contractual devices. We show that full collusion can be achieved by incentivizing the players’ final period of play with small fines. Our incentivizing modality is the penance contract, by which a player is penalized if (and only if) he deviates from the penance strategy in the final period. We show that using this contractua...

This paper proposes a novel approach that draws upon the existing architecture and contractual relationships and compares the approach to the main existing techniques for securing BGP against prefix hijacking. We define prefix hijacking as usurping control of IP prefixes through the manipulation of BGP routing tables resulting in a redirection of network traffic away from a correct route to a p...

BACKGROUND Although research has been carried out on stress in general practitioners, little is known about the stresses experienced by their spouses. AIM This study was undertaken to identify specific pressures at work and at home experienced by general practitioners and their spouses and to highlight their coping strategies. METHOD In-depth interviews were conducted with 25 general practi...

This paper examines a general model of contract in multi-period settings with both external and self-enforcement. In the model, players alternately engage in contract negotiation and take individual actions. A notion of contractual equilibrium, which combines a bargaining solution and individual incentive constraints, is proposed and analyzed. The modeling framework helps identify the relation ...

It is well known that if costlessly enforceable contracts regulate all of the actions of economic actors that a ect the well being of others, competitive equilibria are Pareto e cient regardless of the distribution of wealth. However where actions such as risk taking and hard work are not subject to such contracts, the assignment of residual claimancy over income streams and control over assets...

Current e-service technology paradigms require the analysis and conceptual modeling of cooperative inter-organizational workflows. Cooperation among different organizations is based on contractual agreements that coordinate production activities among cooperating companies and establish mechanisms to control the fulfillment of production goals. Existing conceptual models of workflows do not pro...

the obligation to disclose essential information is important either in theoretical and practical approach. this means that in order to enjoy the necessary knowledge to achieve decision-making and formation of contract, the information that is effective to create legal consent should be revealed to the opposite side. in franchise agreement; violation of this obligation that is one of accessorie...