This article aims to explore how Russia and Turkey contest the EU's actorness in their shared neighbourhoods beyond. By adopting theoretical lens that exerting requires justification by conceptualizing contestation as an inherently relational discursive process, it utilizes qualitative content analysis trace justifications are employed delegitimizing EU at global forums. The finds while norm-ba...

Abstract International organizations (IOs) play a key role in promoting multilateral cooperation on critical transnational issues. Yet, their authority has increasingly been contested by member states that cut financial contributions or even withdraw membership. How do IOs respond to such contestation? While the existing literature mostly focused reactions other states, I argue this article our...