How genetic programs generate cell-intrinsic forces to shape embryos is actively studied, but less so how tissue-scale physical forces impact morphogenesis. Here we address the role of the latter during axis extension, using Drosophila germband extension (GBE) as a model. We found previously that cells elongate in the anteroposterior (AP) axis in the extending germband, suggesting that an extri...

1. A partially occluded artery may dilate distal to the site of constriction. 2. The dilation is circumscribed. 3. When the constriction has been either slight in amount or complete, dilation has not been observed. 4. The dilation was greatest when the lumen of the artery (the aorta) was reduced to one-third or perhaps one-fourth of its original size (Figs. 8 and 11). 5. Dilation or aneurysm of...

BACKGROUND Iliotibial band syndrome is the second most common running injury. A gradual increase in its occurrence has been noted over the past decade. This may be related to the increasing number of runners worldwide. Since the last systematic review, six additional papers have been published, providing an opportunity for this review to explore the previously identified proximal risk factors i...

primarily opioidergic and adenosine mechanisms are considered to be involved in the antinociceptive effects of antidepressants. this study was designed to determine the efficacy of acute venlafaxine administration in alleviating symptoms of neuropathic pain and the role of endogenous adenosine and opioid systems in this effect of venlafaxine. we have evaluated the effect of caffeine, a non-sele...

Krajnak, K., R. G. Dong, S. Flavahan, D. Welcome, and N. A. Flavahan. Acute vibration increases 2C-adrenergic smooth muscle constriction and alters thermosensitivity of cutaneous arteries. J Appl Physiol 100: 1230–1237, 2006. First published December 8, 2005; doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00761.2005.—The vascular symptoms of hand-arm vibration syndrome, including cold-induced vasospasm, are in part ...

Superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome is a rare but potentially lethal complication of transvenous permanent pacemaker implantation. The pathogenesis is unclear, but thrombosis and fibrotic constriction of the vessels are believed to be responsible for this situation. Multiple, severed, and previously infected leads may increase the risk of SVC syndrome, but are not prerequisite for it. Anticoagula...