Most immunologists focus on elaborate non-specific and antigen-specific factors of reactive immunity produced by the vertebrate lymphoid system. Modern principles of immunogenic prophylaxis and therapy are based solely on the use of these agents. There is, however, a more effective system of specific resistance which is shared by all forms of life: hereditary constitutional immunity to infectio...

The author investigates Russian federalism and the constitutional underpinnings of the power vertical, looking specifically at the Constitutional Court’s December 2005 case about the appointment of governors. The court’s decision upheld the constitutional notion of a “unified system of executive power” as the primary legal justification for the power vertical. However, not all of the justices a...

This Essay explores the emerging literature on the negotiation of structural constitutional governance, to which Professor Aziz Huq has made an important contribution in The Negotiated Structural Constitution.1 In the piece, Professor Huq reviews the negotiation of constitutional entitlements and challenges the conventional wisdom about the limits of political bargaining as a means of allocatin...

The main purpose of this paper is to determine the applicability of the constitutional social rights in the so-called horizontal relations, i.e. the relations between private entities. Nowadays the constitutional rights are more and more often violated by private entities and not only by the state. The private entities interfere with the privacy of individuals, limit their freedom of expression...

Scholars critical of the constitutionalization of American politics use the history of struggles over reproductive health to illuminate the costs of constitutional discourse. This Article reconsiders the costs of constitutional discourse from the inside out, unearthing the history of how members of the pro-choice movement debated, revised, criticized, and ultimately embraced what many activists...

the idea of supervising  the conformity of statutory law with constitutional law, is due to necessities rooted in two essential principles: the supremacy of constitution and the hierarchy of the law. constitution as the supreme law in the sense of status and legal value , is placed at the top of the legal pyramid of every political system and therefore requires a special organization and discip...

Expansion of business onto the Internet crosses national borders and creates uncertainty as to the propriety of jurisdiction by the courts of nations and their internal political units. Analysis of jurisdiction in United States law reveals that traditional rules provide guidance for resolving the question of constitutional jurisdiction in cases that cross geopolitical lines.

The democratic critique of judicial review by constitutional courts has prompted its defenders to counter that courts have democratic qualities as good as, and in certain respects even stronger than, conventional democratic politics. This article offers a critical analysis of three arguments favouring this approach. The first argues that constitutional courts operate as exemplars of democratic ...

quantitative relationships between molecular structure and azolo-adamantanes derivatives were discovered by different chemometric tools including factor analysis based multiple linear regressions (fa-mlr), principle component regression analysis (pcra), and genetic algorithm-partial least squares ga-pls. the fa-mlr describes the effect of geometrical and quantum indices on enzyme inhibition act...

This communication describes the folding propensity of a heterofoldamer motif featuring proline (Pro) and anthranilic acid (Ant) residues in a 1:2:1 (α:β:α) constitutional ratio. Structural investigations unequivocally suggest that the hydrogen-bonding network of this foldamer motif can be switched between 9-membered and 6-membered by modulating the backbone chirality and constitutional ratio o...