There have been several attempts to extend the notion of conjugacy from groups to monoids. The aim of this paper is study the decidability and independence of conjugacy problems for three of these notions (which we will denote by ∼p, ∼o, and ∼c) in certain classes of finitely presented monoids. We will show that in the class of polycyclic monoids, p-conjugacy is “almost” transitive, ∼c is stric...

The concept of symmetry point groups for regular polyhedra can be generalized to special permutation groups to describe negative curvature polygonal networks that can be expanded to possible carbon and boron nitride structures through leapfrog transformations, which triple the number of vertices. Thus a D surface with 24 heptagons and 56 hexagons in the unit cell can be generated by a leapfrog ...

in this paper, the concept of fuzzy convex subgroup (resp. fuzzy convex lattice-ordered subgroup) of an ordered group (resp. lattice-ordered group) is introduced and some properties, characterizations and related results are given. also, the fuzzy convex subgroup (resp. fuzzy convex lattice-ordered subgroup) generated by a fuzzy subgroup (resp. fuzzy subsemigroup) is characterized. furthermore,...

We give examples of analytic circle maps with singularities of break type with the same rotation number and the same size of the break for which no conjugacy is Lipschitz continuous. In the second part of the paper, we discuss a class of rotation numbers for which a conjugacy is C1-smooth, although the numbers can be strongly non-Diophantine (Liouville). For the rotation numbers in this class, ...

For a finite group G, let k(G) denote the number of conjugacy classes of G. If G is a finite permutation group of degree n > 2, then k(G) ≤ 3(n−1)/2. This is an extension of a theorem of Kovács and Robinson and in turn of Riese and Schmid. If N is a normal subgroup of a completely reducible subgroup of GL(n, q), then k(N) ≤ q. Similarly, if N is a normal subgroup of a primitive subgroup of Sn, ...

Let G be a finite group and let T1 denote the number of times a triple (x, y, z) ∈ G3 binds X, where X = {xyz, xzy, yxz, yzx, zxy, zyx}, to one conjugacy class. Let T2 denote the number of times a triple in G3 breaks X into two conjugacy classes. We have established the following results: i) the probability that a triple (x, y, z) ∈ D3 n binds X to one conjugacy class is ≥ 58 . ii) for groups s...

What ingredients are necessary to describe all maximal subgroups of the general finite group G? This paper is concerned with providing such an analysis. A good first reduction is to take into account the first isomorphism theorem, which tells us that the maximal subgroups containing a given normal subgroup N of G correspond, under the natural projection, to the maximal subgroups of the quotient...

A compact orientable flat manifold M is expressed as M = R/Γ with a torsion free discrete subgroup of the group of orientation preserving motions of R. There is a natural one-to-one correspondence between the set of conjugacy classes [γ], γ ∈ Γ, and the set of free homotopy classes of maps of S into M . We denote by M[γ] the set of closed geodesics c : S −→ M belonging to the homotopy class [γ]...

Suppose that G is a Lie group. which for the purpose of this introduction, we take to be a real form of a simply connected complex semisimple group. Suppose that square integrable representations for G exist and that f is a matrix coefficient of a square integrable representation belonging to the unitary equivalence class co. Harish-Chandra has shown how to evaluate the integral off with respec...