The classical twin design uses data on the variation of and covariation between monozygotic and dizygotic twins to infer underlying genetic and environmental causes of phenotypic variation in the population. By using data from additional relative classes, such as parents, extended twin family designs more comprehensively describe the causes of phenotypic variation. This article introduces an ex...

The conjoined twins (CTs) are one of the most challenging conditions in pediatric surgery especially in developing countries.[1] In developed countries, antenatal diagnosis of CTs is possible at 12th week of gestation, however, in developing countries like Togo, CTs are often discovered at birth.[2] Some work on CTs has been done in Central and West Africa.[35] The problems of antenatal diagnos...

A pair of monozygotic twins with Crohn's disease is described. Both have ileocaecal disease and suffered their first symptoms after living apart for 6 years. The pathogenic role of hereditary and environmental factors is discussed in the light of this and previous reports of twins with Crohn's disease.

PURPOSE To describe the perioperative assessment and anaesthetic management for surgical separation of three sets of conjoined twins with complex cardiac anomalies threatened with arterial desaturation and haemodynamic instability. CLINICAL FEATURES Three sets of conjoined twins, one omphaloischiopagus, one omphalopagus, and one thoraco-omphalopagus, were considered for separation during the ...

We present a case of conjoined omphalopagus twins in 35-year-old woman who came for antenatal booking at 9 weeks gestation to health centre Kota Bharu, Kelantan. The diagnosis was confirmed via ultrasonography by an obstetrician tertiary Hospital 12 gestation. pregnancy allowed progress as it carried the best chance survival. However, parents were dilemma with decision. Primary care practitione...