Much analysis of microscope image formation is based upon the so-called weak scaucring approximation in which an image is linearly related to an object by a convenient convolution property which greatly simplifies reconstruction. This approximation is often invalid in tmnsmission microscopy. A better model of transmission must account for multiple scauered components in the light distribution. ...

Deconvolution is a computational method used to reduce out-of-focus fluorescence in three-dimensional (3D) microscope images. It can be applied in principle to any type of microscope image but has most often been used to improve images from conventional fluorescence microscopes. Compared to other forms of 3D light microscopy, like confocal microscopy, the advantage of deconvolution microscopy i...

In Abbe’s words: „... so folgt, dass, wie auch das Mikroskop in Bezug auf die förderliche Vergrößerung noch weiter vervollkommnet werden möchte, die Unterscheidungsgrenze für centrale Beleuchtung doch niemals über den Betrag der ganzen, und für äusserste schiefe Beleuchtung niemals über den der halben Wellenlänge des blauen Lichts um ein Nennenswerthes hinausgehen wird“. The limit of differenti...

An investigation of local energy surface detection integrated with neural network techniques for image segmentation is presented, as applied in the feature extraction of chromosomes from image datasets obtained using an experimental confocal microscope. Use of the confocal microscope enables biologists to observe dividing cells (living or preserved) within a three-dimensional (3-D) volume, that...

A widely known process to examine malign tissues is microwave imaging. It depends on the contrast in dielectric properties between malign and benign tissues. The virtual confocal microscope is one of the methods which uses microwave frequencies to detect cancer. It focuses the incoming reflected waves from the tissues using a virtual lens to form a cross sectional image of the object being imag...

We describe a custom one-photon (confocal) and two-photon all-digital (photon counting) laser scanning microscope. The confocal component uses two avalanche photodiodes (APDs) as the fluorescence detector to achieve high sensitivity and to overcome the limited photon counting rate of a single APD ( approximately 5 MHz). The confocal component is approximately nine times more efficient than our ...