We hypothesized that causal conditional reasoning reflects judgment of the conditional likelihood of causes and effects based on a probabilistic causal model of the scenario being judged. Although this proposal has much in common with Cummins’ (1995) theory based on the number of disabling conditions and alternative causes, it takes more variables into account and therefore makes some differing...

In the machine learning community, generative models, especially adversarial networks (GANs) continue to be an attractive yet challenging research topic. Right after invention of GAN, many GAN models have been proposed by researchers with same goal: creating better images. The first and foremost feature that a model should is realistic images cannot distinguished from genuine ones. A large port...

The concept of conditional independence (CI) within the framework of natural conditional functions (NCFs) is studied. An NCF is a function ascribing natural numbers to possible states of the world; it is the central concept of Spohn's theory of deterministic epistemology. Basic properties of CI within this framework are recalled, and further results analogous to the results concerning probabili...

Imaging is a class of non-Bayesian methods for the revision of probability density functions originally proposed as a semantics for conditional logic. Two of these revision functions, Standard Imaging and General Imaging, have successfully been applied to modelling information retrieval (IR). Due to the problematic nature of a“direct” implementation of Imaging revision functions, we propose the...

This paper investigates testing conditional independence between Y and Z given λθ(X) for some θ ∈ Θ ⊂ R, for a function λθ(·) known upto a parameter θ ∈ Θ. First, the paper proposes a new method of conditional martingale transforms under which tests are asymptotically pivotal and asymptotically unbiased against √ n-converging Pitman local alternatives. Second, the paper performs an analysis of ...

We introduce a natural extension of the notion of swap regret, conditional swap regret, that allows for action modifications conditioned on the player’s action history. We prove a series of new results for conditional swap regret minimization. We present algorithms for minimizing conditional swap regret with bounded conditioning history. We further extend these results to the case where conditi...

this study analyses the condition of attorney dismissal which civil law has accepted  because its previous studies presented that the truth and requirement of attorney contract in terms of customary and literally agreement, is representation. removal of lawyers with guaranteed implication or even by claim of adjustment implication lies in the meaning of  representation and the two parts are not...

introduction. the basic science exam is conducted, two times each year and, success in this exams is an essential condition for medical students to continue their education in medicine. this descriptive research was designed to study the relationship between some variables, including age, sex, place of stay, conditional history and results of basic science exams. methods. this study was impleme...