Abstract Causal inference has attracted enormous attention in clinical neuroscience over the past years. The correct communication and interpretation of causal claims is crucial for researchers. In this review, we briefly introduced statistical basis terms potential outcome framework distinguished different interpretations experimental observational studies. Based on recent efforts formulating ...

The distinction between a meta-and an object-language has become increasingly familiar in information science, through the diffusion of the concept of metadata. A significant antecedent can be found in the development of formal logic. This paper proposes an analogous distinction for information retrieval research, between discourse about and transformations within systems. The aim is to obtain ...

This guide is for health and social care professionals who teach or guide others’ learning before and after qualification, in formal courses or the workplace. It clarifies the understanding of interprofessional learning and explores the concept of teams and team working. Illustrated by examples from practice, the practicalities of effective interprofessional learning are described, and the unde...

"Psychology," like many abstract terms, is difficult to define precisely. Henriques' (this issue) argument that psychology, though unified and coherent, actually spans two realms-psychological formalism ("the science of mind," this issue) and human psychology ("the science of human behavior at the individual level," this issue)-seems likely to improve the clarity of the concept. The strongest c...

By examining Dainton's account of the temporality of consciousness in the context of long-running debates about the specious present and time consciousness in both the Jamesian and the phenomenological traditions, I raise critical objections to his overlap model. Dainton's interpretations of Broad and Husserl are both insightful and problematic. In addition, there are unresolved problems in Dai...

Safer Communities Volume 8 Issue 3 July 2009 © Pavilion Journals (Brighton) Ltd Abstract Although the ‘fear of crime’ has generated significant academic interest, the lack of clarity concerning definition, prevalence and concentration has generated difficulties for community safety practitioners when implementing operational initiatives. This article explores the experience of the Norfolk Const...

It is now well over 30 years since my conclusion that ‘time’ does not exist. Since my renewed interest in relativity in 2003, when a ‘revelation’ about time simply explained the validity of my conclusion of about 25 years before, it has become apparent that time is not a well understood concept in physics. It is hoped that this essay will provide some clarity in the midst of what appears to be ...

This paper presents an extension of the UML 1.4 metamodel that facilitates the description of software architectures. To this end, concepts like views, ports, connectors, and protocols are introduced, and the UML’s subsystem concept is adapted. The approach is inspired by ROOM and IEEE P1471, using an explicit metamodeling approach for clarity. This paper should be seen as input for the discuss...