INTRODUCTION The Safe Routes to School (SRTS) program is designed to encourage active and safe transportation for children to school. This report examines the potential broader impact of these programs on communities within 0.5 mile (0.8 km) of schools. METHODS We used a geographic information system to generate estimates of the land area within 0.5 mile of public schools in 4 U.S. Census-def...

This paper describes the seasonal abundance of Culex quinquefasciatus in the rural and urban areas of the East and West Godavari districts (EGDT and WGDT) of Andhra Pradesh, India. The per man-hour density (PMHD) was collected from seven units in EGDT and two units in WGDT, which comprised rural and urban areas. The highest infection and infectivity rates were found in the rural areas of Rajahm...

BACKGROUND Pollinosis is found more frequently in urban areas than in rural environments. This could be partly related to the different types of pollen exposure in these dissimilar areas. The objective of this study was to compare the distribution of pollen in these environments across an urbanization gradient. METHODS Daily pollen abundances were obtained in France using Hirst-type sensors. ...

a r t i c l e i n f o JEL classification: D83 J64 R14 R23 Keywords: City structure On-the-job search Unemployment Efficiency Relocation path Career path This study develops an on-the-job search model involving spatial structure. In this model, workers are either employed and commute frequently to a central business district (CBD) or unemployed and commute less frequently to the CBD in search of...

In this paper, the use of waveform data in urban areas is studied. Full waveform is generally used in non-urban areas, where it can provide better vertical structure description of vegetation compared to discrete return systems. However, waveform could be potentially useful for classification in urban areas, where classification methods can be extended to include parameters derived from wavefor...

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An approach for automatic road extraction from digital aerial imagery is presented. The extraction is based on a semantic model for roads. The images are divided into different so-called “global contexts”: rural, forest, and urban. Different parts of the road model and different strategies are used in the different global contexts. In rural areas, a multi-scale approach is employed to find init...

The population of Latin America is now largely urban. By 1990, 72 percent of the people of the region were living in cities (Figure 1). By 2020, the urban population could reach 83 percent. With increasing urbanization, the region faces problems of poverty, nutrition, and health that are somewhat different from those when the population was more rural. Thirty-five percent of the people who live...

Article history:Received 23 July 2013Received in revised form 30 October 2013Accepted 30 October 2013Available online xxxx

The availability of Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) data opens the possibility to characterize urban areas by means of this sensor all over the world. In particular, the global digital elevation model (DEM) can provide a three-dimensional atlas of urban agglomerates. However, the coarse ground resolution and the problems due to radar imaging of the complex urban environments do not allo...